Prehnitization in the Yahgan Formation of Navarino Island, southernmost Chile

1965 ◽  
Vol 34 (268) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Watters
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Modes Of Occurrence ◽  
Secondary Minerals ◽  
Grade Metamorphism ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Hand Specimen ◽  
Upper Mesozoic

SummaryUpper Mesozoic geosynclinal sedimentary rocks, mainly of volcanic (andesitic) derivation, show widespread prehnitization caused by very low grade metamorphism (burial metamorphism). The sediments, which include greywackes, argillites, cherty rocks, and occasional limestone concretions and thin beds, appear little altered in hand specimen and in the field despite the wide extent of recrystalli-zation. Besides prehnite, secondary minerals include quartz, albite, chlorite, sericite, calcite, and sphene. The different modes of occurrence of the prehnite are described and briefly discussed. The alteration of the rocks is compared with similar wide-spread prehnitization recorded in probably correlative rocks on South Georgia.

Diagenesis-very low-grade metamorphism of clastic Cambrian and Ordovician sedimentary rocks in the Iberian Range (Spain)

Clay Minerals ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bauluz ◽  
C. Fernandez-Nieto ◽  
J. M. Gonzalez Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Evolutionary Trend ◽  
Compositional Heterogeneity ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Grade Metamorphism ◽  
Iberian Range ◽  
Mixed Layering

AbstractCambrian and Ordovician pelites and greywakes from the Iberian Range were studied using XRD, EMPA and AEM/TEM techniques, lllite and chlorite are the main phases in Cambrian <2 µm fractions. Illites show crystallinities (IC) from 0.28 to 0.23°2θ the 2M1 is almost the only polytype; they do not have expandable layers, and they are heterogeneous in composition. Chlorites show two compositional types, both containing variable proportions of smectite-like layers. Clinochtores growing over bedding surfaces are also present. An evolutionary trend from anchizone to near the anchizone-epizone limit has been proposed for Cambrian samples.In the Ordovician <2 µm fractions, illites are associated with minor chlorites and kaolinites. The ICs range from 0.68-0.28°2θ the 2M1 polytype dominates over 1M, and it is associated with illitesmectite mixed-layering (R3 ordering). An evolutionary trend from diagenesis to low grade anchizone has been inferred.Chemical analyses of coarser detrital micas indicate muscovite and phengite compositions. The compositional heterogeneity exhibited by authigenic and detrital phases suggests that chemical equilibrium was not attained.

Zoned epidote nodules from sedimentary rocks of the Eastport Formation, southwest New Brunswick

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1194-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Percival ◽  
H. Helmstaedt
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Grade Metamorphism ◽  
Relative Enrichment ◽  
Host Rocks

Zoned epidote-rich nodules occur in shallow-water sedimentary rocks of the Eastport Formation in southwestern New Brunswick. The host rocks of the nodules are sandstone and shale displaying well preserved clastic texture and minimal metamorphic effects, whereas the recrystallized nodule cores consist of epidote and quartz, with minor proportions of prehnite and actinolite. Whole rock analyses show depletion of sodium, potassium, and magnesium in the nodule relative to the host as well as relative enrichment in calcium and iron. Chemical, mineralogical, and textural similarities to calcareous concretions lead to the conclusion that the nodules represent metamorphosed equivalents of ironstone concretions. The St. George pluton is thought to have been the source of heat for metamorphism. Differences in degree of recrystallization between the nodules and their host rocks are attributed to differences in original bulk composition. Although the primary textures in the pelitic and quartzofeldspathic host rocks remained essentially unchanged during very low grade metamorphism, the nodule cores, richer in calcium and iron, recrystallized into metamorphic assemblages.

Direct Observation of Crystalline Ordering In Naturally Graphitized Carbon Produced by Low Grade Metamorphism

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
Thomas R. McKee ◽  
Peter R. Buseck
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphitized Carbon ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Commercial Carbon ◽  
Metamorphic Zone

Sediments commonly contain organic material which appears as refractory carbonaceous material in metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Grew and others have shown that relative carbon content, crystallite size, X-ray crystallinity and development of well-ordered graphite crystal structure of the carbonaceous material increases with increasing metamorphic grade. The graphitization process is irreversible and appears to be continous from the amorphous to the completely graphitized stage. The most dramatic chemical and crystallographic changes take place within the chlorite metamorphic zone.The detailed X-ray investigation of crystallite size and crystalline ordering is complex and can best be investigated by other means such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The natural graphitization series is similar to that for heat-treated commercial carbon blacks, which have been successfully studied by HRTEM (Ban and others).

Low-grade metamorphism and accretion tectonics: Southern Uplands terrain, Scotland

1985 ◽  
Vol 49 (352) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. S. Kemp ◽  
G. H. J. Oliver ◽  
J. R. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Subduction Zones ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
Illite Crystallinity ◽  
Grade Metamorphism ◽  
Trench Slope ◽  
Reflectance Data ◽  
Trajectory Characteristic

AbstractPrevious studies of low-grade metamorphism in the Southern Uplands accretionary terrain indicated prehnite-pumpellyite facies/anchizone conditions developed throughout the area, except for local preservation of trench-slope sediments and an accreted seamount at zeolite facies/advanced diagenetic grade. New graptolite reflectance data are presented that show a general northward increase in temperature in the Southern Uplands. The results from two cross-strike traverses in the southern and central belts in contemporaneous sequences, using illite crystallinity, illite lateral spacing (bo) , and graptolite reflectance, indicate the development of systematic accretion-related low-grade metamorphism. Well-developed and constant anchizone conditions occur throughout the NE (Langholm) traverse, associated with common, F1 accretion-related folding and a regionally penetrative S1 cleavage. In the SW (Kirkcudbright) traverse, however, the youngest, last accreted packets are preserved at a transitional diagenetic stage and lack a penetrative S1 cleavage. Illite crystallinity, graptolite reflectance, and bo increase systematically northward through earlier accreted packets, reaching values of the NE traverse only at the northern end. The concomitant increase of bo with illite crystallinity suggests the relatively high P-low T trajectory characteristic of subduction zones. Integration of metamorphic and structural data relates increasing intensity of aceretion-related F1 folding, developmertt of S1 fabric, and onset of later fold phases to grade of metamorphism and structural level within the accretionary pile.

Petrography and provenance of the Marambio Group, Vega Island, Antarctica

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Pirrie
Keyword(s):  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Western Margin ◽  
Sediment Input ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Sandstone Petrography

Late Cretaceous sedimentary rocks assigned to the Santa Marta (Herbert Sound Member) and López de Bertodano (Cape Lamb and Sandwich Bluff members) formations of the Marambio Group, crop out on Cape Lamb, Vega Island. Although previous studies have recognized that these sedimentary rocks were derived from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region, the work presented here allows the provenance and palaeogeographical evolution of the region to be described in detail. On the basis of both sandstone petrography and clay mineralogy, the Herbert Sound and Cape Lamb members reflect sediment input from a low relief source area, with sand grade sediment sourced from low grade metasediments, and clay grade sediment ultimately derived from the weathering of an andesitic source area. In contrast, the Sandwich Bluff Member reflects a switch to a predominantly andesitic volcaniclastic source. However, this sediment was largely derived from older volcanic suites due to renewed source area uplift, with only a minor component from coeval volcanism. Regional uplift of both the arc terrane and the western margin of the James Ross Basin was likely during the Maastrichtian.

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