Cryptic variation in the Rhum layered intrusion

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (323) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Dunham ◽  
W. J. Wadsworth

SummaryElectron-microprobe analyses of cumulus olivine, chromite, pyroxene, and plagioclase from layered peridotites and allivalites of the Eastern and Western Layered Series of Rhum demonstrate the presence of cryptic variation. Olivine varies from Fo88-78 within individual units, and there are corresponding changes in the Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) ratios in the pyroxenes and chromites. Plagioclase changes are not so dramatic, but the An-content broadly follows the Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) ratio in the other minerals. The most Fe-(and Na-) rich phases do not occur at the top of lithological units, but some way below. The composition trend above them is reversed. The data are interpreted as the result of periodic infilling of a magma chamber, the new magma mixing with the remains of the previous pulse. Each pulse was followed by a period when fractional crystallization produced the layered rocks. New data on Ni in the olivines suggests that the ratio of the volume of initial magma to volume of layered rocks was about four to one, the initial magma being allied to the high-calcium low-alkali tholeiitic basalts of Skye.

1985 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Faithfull

AbstractThe Lower Eastern Layered Series (LELS) comprises approximately units 1–5 of previous workers. Remapping has revealed considerable along-strike lithological variation in the units of the LELS. It is suggested, on the basis of field and geochemical evidence, that two layers formerly regarded as ‘conformable intrusive sheets of fine-grained olivine gabbro’, may be evolved alii valite layers rather than later intrusions. Xenolith suites, in these layers and elsewhere, indicate a component derived from the roof or walls of the magma chamber. Cryptic variation is more extensive in the LELS than in other parts of Rhum: olivine forsterite content varies from 85.6 to 70, and clinopyroxene Mg×100/(Mg+Fe) varies from 88 to 74. Postcumulus effects and subsolidus re-equilibration have altered the initial compositions of the mineral phases. The data are consistent with a model of repeated replenishment by picritic magma, although the replenishing liquids may have been slightly less magnesian than those subsequently available, during the formation of the upper ELS.


1985 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Dunham ◽  
F. C. F. Wilkinson

AbstractA microscopic and electron microprobe investigation has been made of six samples of the allivalite–chromitite–peridotite band at the junction of Units 11 and 12, Eastern Layered Series, Rhum. Analyses are presented of olivine, plagioclase and pyroxene, the plagioclase showing reverse zoning in the chromitite. Sulphide droplets occur within and above the chromitite, and contain pyrrhotite, pentlandite, cubanite, bornite, digenite, chalcocite, native copper and electrum, as well as chromite zoned to magnetite, spinel and ilmenite. The variation from aluminous chromite to chromite in the chromitite is confirmed by analyses of five new traverses. The rocks formed during and just after the time when new magma entered the magma chamber. The variation in the chromite compositions is ascribed mainly to magmatic variation in composition due to the mixing process.


2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 117-135
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Prevec

SUMMARYThe Bushveld Complex has continued to serve as the basis for study into the fundamental nature of petrological processes for layered intrusion formation and for oxide and sulphide hosted Platinum Group Element (PGE)–Cu–Ni ore deposits. These studies have included discoveries in terms of the physical extent of Bushveld magmatism, both laterally and internally. Lateral variations in the mafic to ultramafic Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Northern Lobe of the complex have also revealed petrologically distinctive Upper Critical Zone equivalent rocks (the so-called Flatreef) with enhanced contamination and mineralization traits that reflect a transition between Eastern and Western Lobe equivalent stratigraphy and Platreef-style complexity. Traditional magma mixing models have been re-examined in light of radiogenic isotopic evidence for crustal involvement early in the chromite precipitation or formation process, combined with evidence for associated heterogeneous fluid contents, cryptic layering profiles, and textural evidence. A wide variety of alternative ore-genesis models have been proposed as a consequence. The fundamental mechanics of magma chamber processes and the existence of the magma chamber as an entity have been called into question through various lines of evidence which have promoted the concept of progressive emplacement of the complex as a stack of not-necessarily-quite-sequentially intruded sills (with or without significant quantities of transported phenocrysts), emplaced into variably crystallized and compacted crystal-liquid mush mixtures, modified by compaction-driven late magmatic fluid (silicate and aqueous) activity. Alternatively, petrological and geochemical observations have been used to discount these interpretations in favour of more conventional cooling and gravity-driven accumulation of silicate and ore minerals in a large, liquid-dominated system.RÉSUMÉLe complexe de Bushveld a demeuré à la base d’études sur la nature fondamentale des processus pétrologiques de formation d’intrusions litées et des gîtes des éléments du groupe platine (ÉGP)-Cu-Ni hébergés dans les oxydes et les sulfures. Ces études ont comporté des découvertes sur l’étendue physique, à la fois latérale et interne, du magmatisme de Bushveld. Les variations latérales de la suite stratifiée et mafique à ultramafique Rustenburg du lobe nord du complexe ont également révélé des roches équivalentes pétrologiquement distinctes de la zone critique supérieure (le communément désigné Flatreef) avec des traits de contamination et de minéralisation accrus qui reflètent une transition entre la stratigraphie équivalente des lobes est et ouest et la complexité de type Platreef. Les modèles traditionnels de mélanges magmatiques ont été réexaminés à la lumière de preuves isotopiques radiogéniques indiquant une implication de la croûte au début du processus de précipitation ou de formation de la chromite, combinées à des preuves de contenu fluide hétérogène associé, de profils de litage cryptique et de preuves texturales. Ainsi, une grande variété de modèles alternatifs de genèse de minerai a été proposée. La mécanique fondamentale des processus de la chambre magmatique et l'existence de la chambre magmatique en tant qu'entité ont été remises en question au moyen de divers éléments de preuve qui ont mis en avant le concept de mise en place progressive du complexe sous forme d'un empilement non-nécessairement séquentiel de sills injectés (avec ou sans quantités significatives de phénocristaux transportés) mis en place dans des mélanges de bouillie cristaux/liquide à cristallisation et compaction variable, modifiés par une activité tardive de fluide magmatique (silicaté et aqueux) induite par la compaction. Alternativement, des observations pétrologiques et géochimiques ont été utilisées pour écarter ces interprétations en faveur d'un processus plus conventionnel de refroidissement et d’accumulation de minérais silicatés et minéralisés induite par la gravité dans un vaste système à dominance liquide.


1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Paradis ◽  
John Ludden ◽  
Léopold Gélinas

The Flavrian pluton is a sill-shaped intrusion in the Blake River Group (BRG) volcanic rocks in the Noranda region of the Abitibi greenstone belt. The pluton is dominated by trondhjemites and tonalites, with minor peripheral quartz gabbro and hybrid phases. The BRG volcanic rocks consist of a bimodal suite of basalt–andesite and rhyolite. The Flavrian trondhjemites are geochemically identical to the rhyolitic lavas of the BRG (SiO2 ≥ 72%, La/Sm = 3.4, La/Yb = 3.6, Zr/Y = 3.9, Y/Nb = 3.1), and the Flavrian gabbroic and dioritic rocks are identical to the BRG basalts and andesites (SiO2 < 58%, La/Sm = 3.0, La/Yb = 5.5, Zr/Y = 4.2, Y/Nb = 3.3). However, the tonalitic rocks of the Flavrian pluton have no extrusive equivalents in the BRG. The different compositional spectra of the extrusive and intrusive rocks are interpreted as being a result of a transition in magma-chamber evolution from a zoned open system that was active during the evolution of the volcanic rocks to closed-system plutonic crystallization. The latter destroyed the compositional bimodality of the magma chamber and resulted in the evolution of intermediate compositions (tonalites) generated by both fractional crystallization and magma mixing.


There are well established differences in the chemical and isotopic characteristics of the calc-alkaline basalt—andesite-dacite-rhyolite association of the northern (n.v.z.), central (c.v.z.) and southern volcanic zones (s.v.z.) of the South American Andes. Volcanic rocks of the alkaline basalt-trachyte association occur within and to the east of these active volcanic zones. The chemical and isotopic characteristics of the n.v.z. basaltic andesites and andesites and the s.v.z. basalts, basaltic andesites and andesites are consistent with derivation by fractional crystallization of basaltic parent magmas formed by partial melting of the asthenospheric mantle wedge containing components from subducted oceanic lithosphere. Conversely, the alkaline lavas are derived from basaltic parent magmas formed from mantle of ‘within-plate’ character. Recent basaltic andesites from the Cerro Galan volcanic centre to the SE of the c.v.z. are derived from mantle containing both subduction zone and within-plate components, and have experienced assimilation and fractional crystallization (a.f.c.) during uprise through the continental crust. The c.v.z. basaltic andesites are derived from mantle containing subduction-zone components, probably accompanied by a.f.c. within the continental crust. Some c.v.z. lavas and pyroclastic rocks show petrological and geochemical evidence for magma mixing. The petrogenesis of the c.v.z. lavas is therefore a complex process in which magmas derived from heterogeneous mantle experience assimilation, fractional crystallization, and magma mixing during uprise through the continental crust.


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