scholarly journals In Vitro Cellular Drug Resistance and Prognosis in Newly Diagnosed Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Blood ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 2723-2729 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J.L. Kaspers ◽  
A.J.P. Veerman ◽  
R. Pieters ◽  
C.H. Van Zantwijk ◽  
L.A. Smets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Mtt Assay ◽  
Combination Chemotherapy ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy

As an important determinant of the response to chemotherapy, measurements of cellular drug resistance may provide prognostically significant information, which could be useful for optimal risk-group stratification. The objective of this report is to determine the relation between in vitro resistance to 12 drugs, measured with the colorimetric methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and long-term clinical response to chemotherapy in 152 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. At risk-group stratified analyses, in vitro resistance to prednisolone, L-asparaginase, and vincristine were each significantly (P < .01) related to the probability of disease-free survival (pDFS) after combination chemotherapy. The combination of data for prednisolone, L-asparaginase, and vincristine provided a drug-resistance profile with prognostic independent significance superior to that of any single drug or any other factor. The 3-years pDFS was 100% for the group with the most sensitive profile, 20% of all patients, 84% (SE 6%) for the group with an intermediately sensitive profile, 40% of all patients, and 43% (SE 8%) for the remaining group with the most resistant profile (P < .001). In conclusion, the extent of in vitro cellular resistance to prednisolone, L-asparaginase, and vincristine, measured using the MTT assay, was significantly related to the clinical response to combination chemotherapy. Treatment failure in newly diagnosed childhood ALL can be predicted based on cellular drug resistance data.

scholarly journals In Vitro Cellular Drug Resistance and Prognosis in Newly Diagnosed Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Blood ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 2723-2729 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J.L. Kaspers ◽  
A.J.P. Veerman ◽  
R. Pieters ◽  
C.H. Van Zantwijk ◽  
L.A. Smets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Mtt Assay ◽  
Combination Chemotherapy ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy

Abstract As an important determinant of the response to chemotherapy, measurements of cellular drug resistance may provide prognostically significant information, which could be useful for optimal risk-group stratification. The objective of this report is to determine the relation between in vitro resistance to 12 drugs, measured with the colorimetric methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and long-term clinical response to chemotherapy in 152 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. At risk-group stratified analyses, in vitro resistance to prednisolone, L-asparaginase, and vincristine were each significantly (P < .01) related to the probability of disease-free survival (pDFS) after combination chemotherapy. The combination of data for prednisolone, L-asparaginase, and vincristine provided a drug-resistance profile with prognostic independent significance superior to that of any single drug or any other factor. The 3-years pDFS was 100% for the group with the most sensitive profile, 20% of all patients, 84% (SE 6%) for the group with an intermediately sensitive profile, 40% of all patients, and 43% (SE 8%) for the remaining group with the most resistant profile (P < .001). In conclusion, the extent of in vitro cellular resistance to prednisolone, L-asparaginase, and vincristine, measured using the MTT assay, was significantly related to the clinical response to combination chemotherapy. Treatment failure in newly diagnosed childhood ALL can be predicted based on cellular drug resistance data.

scholarly journals In vitro cellular drug resistance in children with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Blood ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 3861-3868 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Klumper ◽  
R Pieters ◽  
AJ Veerman ◽  
DR Huismans ◽  
AH Loonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Childhood All ◽  
Acquired Drug Resistance ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy

Cellular drug resistance is thought to be an important cause of the poor prognosis for children with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but it is unknown when, to which drugs, and to what extent resistance is present. We determined in vitro resistance to 13 drugs with the MTT assay. Compared with 141 children with initial ALL, cells from 137 children with relapsed ALL were significantly more resistant to glucocorticoids, L-asparaginase, anthracyclines, and thiopurines, but not to vinca-alkaloids, cytarabine, ifosfamide, and epipodophyllotoxins. Relapsed ALL cells expressed the highest level of resistance to glucocorticoids, with a median level 357- and >24-fold more resistant to prednisolone and dexamethasone, respectively, than initial ALL cells, whereas the resistance ratios for the other drugs differed from 0.8- to 1.9-fold, intraindividual comparisons between initial and relapsed samples from 16 children with ALL showed that both de novo and acquired drug resistance were involved. Specific in vitro drug-resistance profiles were associated with high-risk relapsed ALL groups. In vitro drug resistance was also related to the clinical response to chemotherapy in relapsed/refractory childhood ALL. We conclude that drug resistance may explain the poor prognosis for children with relapsed/refractory ALL. These day may be helpful to design alternative treatment regimens for relapsed childhood ALL.

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Effects of PEG-Asparaginase in Newly Diagnosed Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results from a Single Agent Window Study.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 860-860
Author(s):  
Inge M. Appel ◽  
Karin M. Kazemier ◽  
Anjo J.P. Veerman ◽  
Elisabeth van Wering ◽  
Monique L. Den Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Effects

Abstract L-Asparaginase is an effective drug for treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The effectiveness is generally thought to result from a rapid depletion of asparagine in serum and cells. Several studies have shown that in vitro resistance to this drug is an independent prognostic factor in ALL. We investigated the clinical response of one in vivo dose of 1000 IU/m2 PEG-Asparaginase and its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in children with newly diagnosed ALL before the start of combination chemotherapy. 57 children (36M / 21F) were enrolled in the study: 2 pro B-ALL, 38 common/ pre B-ALL and 17 T-ALL. Genotyping of precursor B-ALL revealed 11 hyperdiploid, 8 TELAML1 positive, 2 BCRABL positive, no MLL rearrangement, 8 normal, 11 others. The clinical response to PEG-Asparaginase on day 0 (5 days after the PEG-Asparaginase infusion) was defined as good when the number of leukemic cells of peripheral blood was < 1 × 109/L, as intermediate when leukemic cells were 1-10 × 109/L, and as poor when leukemic cells were > 10 × 109/L. The in vivo window response was significantly related to immunophenotype and genotype: 26/38 common / pre B-ALL cases, especially those with hyperdiploidy and TELAML1 rearrangement, demonstrated a good clinical response compared to 8/17 T-ALL (p=0.01). Both BCRABL positive ALL cases showed a poor response (p=0.04). A poor in vivo clinical window response was related to in vitro resistance to L-Asparaginase (p=0.02) and both in vitro as well as in vivo response were prognostic factors for long-term event-free survival (Hazard ratio 6.4; p=0.004, and Hazard ratio 3.7; p=0.01, respectively). The L-Asparaginase activity in the serum was >100 IU/L for at least 15 days. The asparagine levels remained below the detection limit of 0.2 mM for at least 26 days with a concomitant rise in serum aspartate and glutamate. These findings confirm that PEG-Asparaginase will yield its pharmacodynamic effects for 2-4 weeks. After administration of one in vivo dose of 1000 IU/m2 PEG-Asparaginase no changes in apoptotic parameters or changes in intracellular levels of twenty amino acids in leukemic cells could be measured, in contradiction to the changes found after in vitro exposure. This may be explained by the rapid removal of apoptotic cells from the circulation in vivo. Otherwise it is possible that in vivo mesenchymal cells from the bone marrow supply leukemic blasts with asparagine in response to treatment with L-Asparaginase. Conclusion: The clinical response to one dose of 1000 IU/m2 PEG-Asparaginase intravenously is related to phenotype and genotype and predicts outcome. These results suggest that children with ALL with a poor clinical response to PEG-Asparaginase might benefit from a more intensive antileukemic therapy.

Prednisolone Resistance in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Vitro-Vivo Correlations and Cross-Resistance to Other Drugs

Blood ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J.L. Kaspers ◽  
R. Pieters ◽  
C.H. Van Zantwijk ◽  
E.R. VanWering ◽  
A. Van Der Does-Van Den Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Childhood All ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy

As an important determinant of response to chemotherapy, accurate measurement of cellular drug resistance may provide clinically relevant information. Our objectives in this study were to determine the relationship between in vitro resistance to prednisolone (PRD) measured with the colorimetric methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and (1) short-term clinical response to systemic PRD monotherapy, (2) long-term clinical outcome after combination chemotherapy within all patients and within the subgroups of clinical good and poor responders to PRD, and (3) in vitro resistance to 12 other drugs in 166 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The 12 clinical poor PRD responders had ALL cells that were median 88-fold more in vitro resistant to PRD than 131 good responders (P = .013). Within all patients, increased in vitro resistance to PRD predicted a significantly worse long-term clinical outcome, at analyses with and without stratification for clinical PRD response, and at multivariate analysis (P ≤ .001). Within both the clinical good and poor responder subgroups, increased in vitro resistance to PRD was associated with a worse outcome, which was significant within the group of clinical good responders (P &lt; .001). LC50 values, ie, lethal concentrations to 50% of ALL cells, for PRD and each other drug correlated significantly with those of all other 12 drugs, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.44 (standard deviation 0.05). The highest correlations were found between structurally related drugs. In conclusion, in vitro resistance to PRD was significantly related to the short-term and long-term clinical response to chemotherapy, the latter also within the subgroup of clinical good responders to PRD. There was a more general in vitro cross-resistance between anticancer drugs in childhood ALL, although drug-specific activities were recognized.

scholarly journals In vitro drug-resistance profile in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relation to age, MLL rearrangements and immunophenotype

Leukemia ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
N L Ramakers-van Woerden ◽  
H B Beverloo ◽  
A J P Veerman ◽  
B M Camitta ◽  
A H Loonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Drug Resistance Profile ◽  
Infant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

scholarly journals In vitro drug sensitivity of cells from children with leukemia using the MTT assay with improved culture conditions

Blood ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 2327-2336 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Pieters ◽  
AH Loonen ◽  
DR Huismans ◽  
GJ Broekema ◽  
MW Dirven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Mtt Assay ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Drug Sensitivity ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Leukemia Cells ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Mtt Reduction

Abstract The knowledge about drug resistance in childhood leukemias and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in general is limited. This is because of the lack of a suitable in vitro drug sensitivity assay, which is in part due to low in vitro ALL cell survival. We recently adapted the highly efficient 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to test cells from ALL patients and showed that its results were comparable with those of the DiSC assay, up to now the most valid but laborious assay. In this study, in vitro drug sensitivity was assessed in cells from 82 children with leukemia, 79 of whom had ALL, with the MTT assay. Dose response curves were obtained for 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine (6-TG), prednisolone (Pred), daunorubicin (DNR), vincristine (VCR), cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), L- asparaginase (L-Asp), mafosfamide, and mustine. A cytotoxic effect of methotrexate could be detected in only a few cases. Large interindividual differences in drug sensitivity were detected. Compared with leukemia cells from newly diagnosed patients, leukemia cells from relapsed patients were significantly more in vitro resistant to 6-TG, Pred, Ara-C, mafosfamide and mustine but not to DNR, VCR, and L-Asp. Improvements of culture medium and methods to increase MTT reduction were studied. From 10 components tested, addition of insulin and bovine serum albumin to serum-containing medium improved ALL cell survival. Addition of succinate did not increase the amount of MTT reduction. We conclude that the in vitro MTT assay highly facilitates large-scale studies on drug resistance of ALL patients that can lead to rational improvements in existing treatment protocols.

In Vitro Drug Sensitivity as a Predicitive Tool of Early Clinical Response in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 4232-4232
Author(s):  
Faith C. Galderisi ◽  
Linda C. Stork ◽  
Ju Li ◽  
Motomi Mori ◽  
Solange Mongoue-Tchokote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Induction Therapy ◽  
Drug Sensitivity ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Drug Sensitivity Assay ◽  
Pediatric All

Abstract Background: Residual disease or rapidity of response to induction therapy is among the most powerful predictors of outcome in pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Various methods to determine response during induction have been in use in clinical investigation. We hypothesize that drug sensitivity at the cellular level predicts rapidity of response to induction therapy in ALL. We recently developed a high resolution flow cytometry based cytotoxicity assay for in vitro cellular drug response profiling for pediatric ALL. This method has a turnaround time of 48 hours and the ability to measure drug effect specific to leukemic cells regardless of number of admixed normal cells. We report preliminary data that correlate results of this drug sensitivity assay with rapidity of response to induction therapy among patients with ALL. Methods: We performed in vitro tests, applying a multiparameter flow cytometric drug cytotoxicity assay, on bone marrow (BM) samples of 23 patients with newly diagnosed standard (n = 10), high (n = 11), and very high (n = 2) risk ALL, as defined by the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) and NCI risk classification. Fourteen patients were rapid early responders (RER) and 9 were slow early responders (SER) by COG criteria at day 15 and 29. Cryopreserved cells from BM samples were thawed and determined to have adequate viability by trypan blue dye exclusion. Drugs were tested at three different concentrations, each in triplicate. Concentrations tested were based on an empirically derived cut-off concentration (EDCC) adopted from published in vitro studies, chosen to produce a large scatter of survival index values among samples. Leukemic blasts were specifically identified by surface markers, CD 45, CD 19 and CD 10 or CD 3, while cytotoxicity was measured with Annexin V based apoptosis. Leukemic cell survival index (LCSI = Average Replicate /Average Control x 100) was determined at 48 hours after in vitro exposure to individual standard induction agents for pediatric ALL: vincristine, asparaginase, dexamethasone, prednisone and daunomycin. LCSI differences between RER and SER were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test for each drug and concentration. The mixed effects model was used to evaluate the overall difference of LCSI between RER and SER over the three concentrations (referred to as “averaged concentrations”). Results: For dexamethasone, a significantly lower LCSI was seen in the RER compared with the SER cohort at individual and averaged concentrations: RER mean LCSI = 40.2%, SER mean LCSI = 70.1% (p = 0.01, mixed effects model). A trend toward a lower mean LCSI in the RER compared with the SER group was noted for asparaginase and vincristine at individual and averaged concentrations (p < 0.1). Mean LCSI was not different between the RER and SER groups for daunomycin and prednisone at individual or averaged concentrations. Conclusions: This in vitro drug sensitivity assay provides a response profile for dexamethasone that correlates with in vivo response to induction therapy. Research is ongoing with more patient samples in order to achieve a greater statistical power to detect a smaller difference for all drugs tested. Further research will also correlate clinical response with LCSI using drug combinations in vitro. Results of these studies will determine the potential value of this assay for early risk stratification and modification of therapy in de novo or relapsed ALL.

Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children and Adolescents: Peaks and Pitfalls

Hematology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 374-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nita L. Seibel
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Cooperative Groups ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Success Story ◽  
Pediatric Oncologist ◽  
Leukemia In Children ◽  
Improved Outcome

AbstractSurvival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is often described as the success story for oncology. The improvements in the treatment of ALL represent the work of cooperative groups at their best. Fifty years ago a pediatric oncologist would have never considered using the term “cure” in a discussion with a family whose child was diagnosed with ALL. Today the term is not only used in the initial discussion but referred to frequently thereafter. However, as we all know, cure is not assured and is not obtained without sequelae. This review will focus on the improvements in treatment for newly diagnosed ALL in children and adolescents according to risk group and some of the challenges that remain despite the improved outcome.

scholarly journals AVA4746, an Orally Available, Clinical Grade Antagonist of Integrin Alpha 4, Sensitizes Pre-B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia to Chemotherapy

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 2765-2765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongsheng Ruan ◽  
Eun Ji Gang ◽  
Hye-Na Kim ◽  
Chintan Parekh ◽  
Hisham Abdel-Azim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Support Research

Abstract Background. Even though remarkable progress has been made in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), salvage of relapse patients remains a challenge. The role of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment is critical to protect leukemia cells from chemotherapy. The BM microenvironment promotes cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) in ALL.We and others have shown that the adhesion molecule integrin α4, referred to hereafter as α4, mediates drug resistance of B-ALL. In our previous studies, we showed that both α4 blockade by natalizumab and inhibition by the small molecule α4 antagonist TBC3486 can sensitize relapsed ALL cells to chemotherapy. However, no α4 targeting therapy is currently clinically available to treat leukemia. Here, we preclinically evaluate a novel non-peptidic small molecule antagonist, AVA4746, which has been safely used in clinical studies, as a potential new approach to combat drug resistant ALL. Method. Six refractory or relapsed primary pre-B ALL cases were used for in vitro studies. Viability was assessed by trypan blue counts or annexin V/7AAD flow cytometric analysis and metabolic activity was evaluated by Cytoscan WST-1 assay. For in vivo evaluation a NOD/SCID IL2Rγ-/- xenograft model of primary pre-B ALL (LAX7R) was used.AVA4746 (15mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage twice a day continuously for 14 days, and vincristine, dexamethasone, L-asparaginase (VDL) was given intraperitoneally (weekly) for 4 weeks. Overall survival was determined by Kaplan-Meier Survival analysis. Results. AVA4746 caused a significant decrease in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of α4 expression in six out of six ALL cases at doses of both 5μM and 25μM after 24 hours and 96 hours compared to DMSO control. Interestingly, decreased protein expression of α4 was also observed by Western Blot analysis all six ALL cases. We tested next in two cases (LAX53, ICN13), if AVA4746 de-adheres ALL cells from its counter receptor VCAM-1. The percentages of adherence after treatment with AVA4746 (25μM) were significantly lower than after DMSO treatment (10.3%±4.9% vs. 99.9%±7.6%, p= 0.00007 for LAX7R; 8.1%±1.0% vs. 100.1%±13.6%, p= 0.0003 for LAX53; 9.0%±1.6% vs. 100.0%±14.0%, p=0.0004 for ICN13). AVA4746 was not associated with apoptosis in vitro alone or in combination with chemotherapy (VDL). Metabolic activity as assessed by WST-1 assay was markedly decreased by AVA4746 in two of two ALL cases. AVA4746 also decreased ALL proliferation in two out of two ALL samples tested. In vivo, AVA4746 in combination with VDL chemotherapy treatment led to significant prolongation of overall survival (n=6) compared with the VDL only treated group (n=6) (MST= 78.5 days vs MST= 68 days; P<0.05). There was no significant difference in survival between the PBS control group (n=5) and the AVA4746 mono-treatment group (n=5) (MST=38days vs MST= 38days). Conclusion. We have identified α4 as a central adhesion molecule in CAM-DR of ALL and have shown that AVA-4746, an orally available and specific α4 antagonist, which has been safely used in clinical studies, downregulates α4 in primary ALL and functionally de-adheres them from VCAM-1. Critically, we demonstrated that inhibition of α4 in combination with standard chemotherapy can prolong the survival of NSG mice bearing pre-B ALL. These data support further study of inhibition of α4 using AVA4746 as a novel strategy to treat drug resistant B lineage ALL. Disclosures Bhojwani: Amgen: Other: Blinatumumab global pediatric advisory board 2015. Wayne:Spectrum Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Other: Travel Support, Research Funding; Kite Pharma: Honoraria, Other: Travel support, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel Support; Medimmune: Honoraria, Other: Travel Support, Research Funding; NIH: Patents & Royalties. Kim:Antisense Therapeutics Ltd: Patents & Royalties.

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