Impact of particle exposure systems on acute effects in an in vitro alveolar model

SummaryThe effect of smoking on the blood vessel intima was examined by comparing indices of endothelial activity in serum from smokers with that from non-smokers. Serum from smokers contained higher levels of von Willebrand factor (p <0.01), the smoking markers cotinine (p <0.02) and thiocyanate (p <0.01), and was more cytotoxic to endothelial cells in vitro (p <0.02) than serum from non-smokers. The acute effects of smoking two unfiltered medium tar cigarettes was to briefly increase von Willebrand factor (p <0.001) and cytotoxicity of serum to endothelial cells in vitro (p <0.005), but lipid peroxides or thiocyanate were not increased by this short exposure to tobacco smoke. Although there were correlations between von Willebrand factor and smokers consumption of cigarettes (r = 0.28, p <0.02), number of years smoking (r = 0.41, p <0.001) and cotinine (r = 0.45, p <0.01), the tissue culture of endothelial cells with physiological levels of thiocyanate or nicotine suggested that these two smoking markers were not cytotoxic. They are therefore unlikely to be directly responsible for increased von Willebrand factor in the serum of smokers. We suggest that smoking exerts a deleterious influence on the endothelium and that the mechanism is complex.

Download Full-text

The neurophysiology of ketamine: an integrative review

Reviews in the Neurosciences ◽

10.1515/revneuro-2019-0090 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 457-503

Author(s):

Rebecca McMillan ◽

Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy

Keyword(s):

Spatial Scales ◽

Integrative Review ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Future Work

AbstractThe drug ketamine has been extensively studied due to its use in anaesthesia, as a model of psychosis and, most recently, its antidepressant properties. Understanding the physiology of ketamine is complex due to its rich pharmacology with multiple potential sites at clinically relevant doses. In this review of the neurophysiology of ketamine, we focus on the acute effects of ketamine in the resting brain. We ascend through spatial scales starting with a complete review of the pharmacology of ketamine and then cover its effects on in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology. We then summarise and critically evaluate studies using EEG/MEG and neuroimaging measures (MRI and PET), integrating across scales where possible. While a complicated and, at times, confusing picture of ketamine’s effects are revealed, we stress that much of this might be caused by use of different species, doses, and analytical methodologies and suggest strategies that future work could use to answer these problems.

Download Full-text

In vitro Evaluation of Acute Effects of Mitoxantrone (Novantrone®) in Rat and Guinea Pig Atria

Pharmacology & Toxicology ◽

10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01638.x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 72 (4-5) ◽

pp. 208-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. N. Viglione ◽

A. Praprotnik ◽

J. E. B. Pinto

Keyword(s):

Guinea Pig ◽

Acute Effects ◽

In Vitro Evaluation ◽

Guinea Pig Atria

Download Full-text

Effects of PKB/Akt inhibitors on insulin-stimulated lipogenesis and phosphorylation state of lipogenic enzymes in white adipose tissue

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bcj20190788 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 477 (8) ◽

pp. 1373-1389

Author(s):

Nusrat Hussain ◽

Sheng-Ju Chuang ◽

Manuel Johanns ◽

Didier Vertommen ◽

Gregory R. Steinberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

White Adipose Tissue ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Lipogenic Enzymes ◽

Atp Citrate Lyase ◽

Phosphorylation State ◽

Epididymal Fat ◽

Citrate Lyase ◽

Fat Pads

We investigated acute effects of two allosteric protein kinase B (PKB) inhibitors, MK-2206 and Akti-1/2, on insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in rat epididymal adipocytes incubated with fructose as carbohydrate substrate. In parallel, the phosphorylation state of lipogenic enzymes in adipocytes and incubated epididymal fat pads was monitored by immunoblotting. Preincubation of rat epididymal adipocytes with PKB inhibitors dose-dependently inhibited the following: insulin-stimulated lipogenesis, increased PKB Ser473 phosphorylation, increased PKB activity and decreased acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) Ser79 phosphorylation. In contrast, the effect of insulin to decrease the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) at Ser293 and Ser300 was not abolished by PKB inhibition. Insulin treatment also induced ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) Ser454 phosphorylation, but this effect was less sensitive to PKB inhibitors than ACC dephosphorylation by insulin. In incubated rat epididymal fat pads, Akti-1/2 treatment reversed insulin-induced ACC dephosphorylation, while ACL phosphorylation by insulin was maintained. ACL and ACC purified from white adipose tissue were poor substrates for PKBα in vitro. However, effects of wortmannin and torin, along with Akti-1/2 and MK-2206, on recognized PKB target phosphorylation by insulin were similar to their effects on insulin-induced ACL phosphorylation, suggesting that PKB could be the physiological kinase for ACL phosphorylation by insulin. In incubated epididymal fat pads from wild-type versus ACC1/2 S79A/S212A knockin mice, effects of insulin to increase lipogenesis from radioactive fructose or from radioactive acetate were reduced but not abolished. Together, the results support a key role for PKB in mediating insulin-stimulated lipogenesis by decreasing ACC phosphorylation, but not by decreasing PDH phosphorylation.

Download Full-text

Acute Effects of Three Cooked Non-Cereal Starchy Foods on Postprandial Glycemic Responses and in Vitro Carbohydrate Digestion in Comparison with Whole Grains: A Randomized Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11030634 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 634 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ruixin Zhu ◽

Zhihong Fan ◽

Yue Han ◽

Shuang Li ◽

Guojing Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Northeast Asia ◽

Whole Grains ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Starchy Foods ◽

Carbohydrate Digestion ◽

Glycemic Management ◽

Low Glycemic Index

Plant origin, processing, and domestic preparation may affect the postprandial glycemic response (PGR) of starchy foods. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of integrating domestically cooked non-cereal starchy foods commonly consumed in Northeast Asia into glycemic management diet, and compare their glycemic characteristics with those of waxy and non-waxy whole grains and starchy beans. In a randomized crossover trial, ten healthy subjects consumed dried lily bulb (LB), lotus seed (LS), adlay (AD), waxy black rice (BR), millet (MI), and adzuki bean (AB), pre-soaked and each cooked for two time durations. Acute PGR tests and in vitro carbohydrate digestion were carried out for each test food. Both the LS and AB meals achieved low glycemic index (GI 21–51), while the other starchy foods failed to show significant difference with rice (GI 83–109). The hydrolysis indexes of LS and AB were 37.7%–61.1%, significantly lower than other test foods. The in vitro tests indicated that pre-soaking resulted in high rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and low resistant starch (RS). Careful choice of whole grain materials, minimized pre-soaking, and moderate cooking may be critical factors for successful postprandial glycemic management for diabetic and pre-diabetic.

Download Full-text