scholarly journals An analysis of national target groups for monovalent 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine and trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines in 2009-10 and 2010-11

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Ng ◽  
Peng Wu ◽  
Hiroshi Nishiura ◽  
Dennis KM Ip ◽  
Esther ST Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Target Groups

scholarly journals Rapid assessment of influenza vaccine effectiveness: analysis of an internet-based cohort

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (7) ◽  
pp. 1309-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. D. EAMES ◽  
E. BROOKS-POLLOCK ◽  
D. PAOLOTTI ◽  
M. PEROSA ◽  
C. GIOANNINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Seasonal Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Self Reports

SUMMARYThe effectiveness of influenza vaccination programmes is seldom known during an epidemic. We developed an internet-based system to record influenza-like symptoms and response to infection in a participating cohort. Using self-reports of influenza-like symptoms and of influenza vaccine history and uptake, we estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) without the need for individuals to seek healthcare. We found that vaccination with the 2010 seasonal influenza vaccine was significantly protective against influenza-like illness (ILI) during the 2010–2011 influenza season (VE 52%, 95% CI 27–68). VE for individuals who received both the 2010 seasonal and 2009 pandemic influenza vaccines was 59% (95% CI 27–77), slightly higher than VE for those vaccinated in 2010 alone (VE 46%, 95% CI 9–68). Vaccinated individuals with ILI reported taking less time off work than unvaccinated individuals with ILI (3·4 days vs. 5·3 days, P<0·001).

The Economic Theory of Patent Protection and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 572-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Eccleston-Turner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Reduced Rate

The creation of new vaccines is one of the key challenges in the battle against global infectious diseases. Therefore, creating the optimal conditions for innovation in vaccines is one of the most important roles law may undertake in this battle. In relation to pharmaceuticals, the economic theory of patent protection is commonly cited by industry and in the academic literature to justify the patenting of life-saving medicines and vaccines. The economic theory of patent protection holds that innovation occurs due to patents protecting the research and development investment made by the innovator. Proponents of this theory claim that without patents such innovation in medicines and vaccines would occur at a significantly reduced rate. This Article considers the applicability of the economic theory of patent protection to pandemic influenza vaccines. This Article examines a number of factors relevant to patent law, theory, and innovation including: the patent landscape for pandemic influenza vaccines; the market dominance enjoyed by manufacturers; the actual risk posed by imitators making generic vaccines if patent protection were not in place; and, the licensing and regulatory provisions for creating generic vaccines.According to the economic theory of patent protection, a patent incentivizes innovation by providing an innovator with a temporary monopoly regarding their innovation, and by protecting them from the threat posed by imitators who wish to make a cheap replica of the product. However, even without a patent, pandemic influenza vaccine manufacturers are in this position. Due to economies of scale and the complicated regulatory and licensing frameworks relevant to bringing a pandemic influenza vaccine to market, manufacturers are at little to no risk from generic imitators. Moreover, there is a very strong incentive to innovate because pandemic influenza vaccine manufacturers are selling a product for which demand exceeds supply to a captive market of nations and organizations, each of which is hoping to secure as much vaccine as possible. The unique conditions associated with pandemic influenza vaccines appear to provide more of an incentive to innovate and research in this field than the fact that the innovations can be patented.

scholarly journals Allergic adverse events following 2015 seasonal influenza vaccine, Victoria, Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel J Clothier ◽  
Nigel Crawford ◽  
Melissa A Russell ◽  
Jim P Buttery
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Seasonal Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Initial Investigation

Australia was alerted to a possible increase in allergy-related adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) with 2015 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines (TIV) by the Victorian state vaccine safety service, SAEFVIC. We describe SAEFVIC’s initial investigation and upon conclusion of the 2015 influenza vaccination programme, to define the signal event and implications for vaccine programmes. Allergy-related AEFI were defined as anaphylaxis, angioedema, urticaria or generalised allergic reaction. Investigations compared 2015 TIV AEFI reports to previous years as proportions and reporting risk (RR) per 100,000, stratified by influenza vaccine brand. The initial investigation showed an increased proportion of allergy-related AEFI compared with 2014 (25% vs 12%), predominantly in adults, with insufficient clinical severity to alter the programme risk-benefit. While overall TIV AEFI RR in 2015 was similar to previous years (RR: 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88–1.29), we identified a near-doubling RR for allergy-related AEFI in 2015 (RR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.14­– 2.80) from 2011 to 2014 with no difference by vaccine brand or severity increase identified. This increase in generalised allergy-related AEFI, across all used vaccine brands, supports evidence of variable reactogenicity arising from influenza vaccine strain variations. This investigation underlines the importance of effective seasonal influenza vaccine pharmacovigilance.

scholarly journals Real-time safety surveillance of seasonal influenza vaccines in children, Australia, 2015

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (43) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Pillsbury ◽  
Patrick Cashman ◽  
Alan Leeb ◽  
Annette Regan ◽  
Darren Westphal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Safety Surveillance ◽  
Medical Attendance

Increased febrile reactions in Australian children from one influenza vaccine brand in 2010 diminished confidence in influenza immunisation, highlighting the need for improved vaccine safety surveillance. AusVaxSafety, a national vaccine safety surveillance system collected adverse events in young children for 2015 influenza vaccine brands in real time through parent/carer reports via SMS/email. Weekly cumulative data on 3,340 children demonstrated low rates of fever (4.4%) and medical attendance (1.1%). Fever was more frequent with concomitant vaccination.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing pandemic influenza A(H1N1)2009 infection in England and Scotland 2009-2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Hardelid ◽  
D M Fleming ◽  
J McMenamin ◽  
N Andrews ◽  
C Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Seasonal Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Binary File ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches

scholarly journals Challenges of Making Effective Influenza Vaccines

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 495-512
Author(s):  
Sigrid Gouma ◽  
Elizabeth M. Anderson ◽  
Scott E. Hensley
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Antigen Production ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Vaccine Antigens ◽  
History Of ◽  
Viral Vaccines

Seasonal influenza vaccines prevent influenza-related illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, these vaccines are not as effective as other viral vaccines, and there is clearly room for improvement. Here, we review the history of seasonal influenza vaccines, describe challenges associated with producing influenza vaccine antigens, and discuss the inherent difficulties of updating influenza vaccine strains each influenza season. We argue that seasonal influenza vaccines can be dramatically improved by modernizing antigen production processes and developing models that are better at predicting viral evolution. Resources should be specifically dedicated to improving seasonal influenza vaccines while developing entirely new vaccine platforms.

scholarly journals 2753. Induction of Broadly Cross-Reactive Immune Responses Against A(H3N2) Airuses: Results of a Phase 2 Trial of a Novel Recombinant Hemagglutinin Saponin-Adjuvanted Nanoparticle Seasonal Influenza Vaccine

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S970-S970
Author(s):  
Vivek Shinde ◽  
Rongman Cai ◽  
Joyce S Plested ◽  
Bin Zhou ◽  
Haixia Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Adaptive Mutations ◽  
Phase 2 Trial

Abstract Background We developed a recombinant saponin-adjuvanted (Matrix-M1) quadrivalent hemagglutinin nanoparticle influenza vaccine (qNIV; NanoFlu) for older adults to address two impediments to efficacy of current, predominantly egg-derived, seasonal influenza vaccines: (1) limited protection against antigenic drift variants, particularly H3N2 viruses; and (2) antigenic mismatch between vaccine and circulating strains due to egg-adaptive mutations arising during manufacturing. In a prior Phase 1 trial, we showed that qNIV induced robust, broadly cross-reactive antibody responses against multiple antigenically drifted H3N2 viruses, which were 47–64% better than the egg-derived comparator trivalent high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3-HD; Fluzone-High Dose). We undertook a Phase 2 trial to optimize the formulation of qNIV, and to compare qNIV immune responses to those of IIV3-HD and quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4; FluBlok). Methods In this phase 2 dose and formulation finding RCT, we randomized 1,375 subjects aged ≥65 years to be immunized with 1 of 7 test vaccines: 5 different formulations of qNIV, IIV3-HD, or RIV4; and assessed wild-type hemagglutinin-inhibition (wt-HAI) and microneutralization (wt-MN) antibody responses (Day 0/28/56). Results Matrix-M1-adjuvanted qNIV induced 15–29% higher wt-HAI titers across 5 vaccine homologous or drifted H3N2 strains at Day 28 relative to unadjuvanted qNIV (statistically significantly superior for 5 of 6 strains tested). At Day 28, several qNIV formulations induced significantly superior wt-HAI titers vs. IIV3-HD (39–45%, 17–22%, and 44–48% greater titers for homologous A/Singapore/INFIMH-16–0019/2016—H3N2, historic-drifted A/Switzerland/9715293/2013—H3N2, and forward-drifted A/Wisconsin/19/2017—H3N2, respectively); and comparable HAI titers vs. RIV4. Wt-MN and wt-HAI data showed concordant patterns across treatment groups. Conclusion qNIV induced superior wt-HAI antibody responses vs. IIV3-HD against homologous or drifted H3N2 viruses and similar responses to RIV4. qNIV may address several critical challenges confronting current egg-derived influenza vaccines, especially in the older adult population. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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