Insecticide resistance and malaria transmission: infection rate and oocyst burden in Culex pipiens mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium relictum

1. Anautogenous English and autogenous Greek, Hungarian, Maltese and cross-bred strains of C. pipiens were infected with an Algerian and a German strain of P. relictum.2. The different strains of C. pipiens behaved similarly as regards susceptibility and transmission towards the same strain of P. relictum.3. The two strains of malaria differ in the infection rate produced in mosquitoes. The Algerian strain produces an infection rate of about 89 per cent., while that of the German strain is only about 43 per cent.4. The difference in the infection rates of the two strains is not due merely to differences in the number of gametocytes formed.5. In general C. pipiens fed on birds infected with the Algerian strain of malaria became more heavily infected than those fed on birds infected with the German strain.6. C. pipiens were infected in some cases by feeding on birds with chronic infections of the Algerian strain of P. relictum, but not when fed on birds with chronic infections of the German strain.7. No seasonal influence was found as regards the infection of C. pipiens by P. relictum.8. The Algerian strain of malaria was successfully transmitted by English, Greek, Hungarian, Maltese and Greek-Hungarian strains of C. pipiens, and the German strain of malaria by English, Greek, Maltese and Greek-English strains of C. pipiens.

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Anopheles bionomics, insecticide resistance and malaria transmission in southwest Burkina Faso: A pre-intervention study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0236920 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. e0236920

Author(s):

Dieudonné Diloma Soma ◽

Barnabas Mahugnon Zogo ◽

Anthony Somé ◽

Bertin N’Cho Tchiekoi ◽

Domonbabele François de Sales Hien ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Burkina Faso ◽

Malaria Transmission ◽

Intervention Study

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Tracking the evolution of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens

Nature ◽

10.1038/23685 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 400 (6747) ◽

pp. 861-864 ◽

Cited By ~ 147

Author(s):

Thomas Lenormand ◽

Denis Bourguet ◽

Thomas Guillemaud ◽

Michel Raymond

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Culex Pipiens

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Insecticide resistance and role in malaria transmission of Anopheles funestus populations from Zambia and Zimbabwe

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-014-0464-z ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Kwang S Choi ◽

Riann Christian ◽

Luisa Nardini ◽

Oliver R Wood ◽

Eunice Agubuzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Malaria Transmission ◽

Anopheles Funestus

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Insecticide Resistance Variation among Three Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in Egypt

African Entomology ◽

10.4001/003.029.0602 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

Author(s):

W.S. Meshrif ◽

N.A. Elhawary ◽

M.A. Soliman ◽

A.I. Seif

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Culex Pipiens ◽

Resistance Variation

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Avian malaria: a new lease of life for an old experimental model to study the evolutionary ecology of Plasmodium

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2014.0300 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 370 (1675) ◽

pp. 20140300 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Romain Pigeault ◽

Julien Vézilier ◽

Stéphane Cornet ◽

Flore Zélé ◽

Antoine Nicot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Culex Pipiens ◽

Avian Malaria ◽

Evolutionary Ecology ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Plasmodium Relictum ◽

Natural Vector ◽

The World ◽

Experimental Laboratory ◽

Analyse Data ◽

Statistical Relationships

Avian malaria has historically played an important role as a model in the study of human malaria, being a stimulus for the development of medical parasitology. Avian malaria has recently come back to the research scene as a unique animal model to understand the ecology and evolution of the disease, both in the field and in the laboratory. Avian malaria is highly prevalent in birds and mosquitoes around the world and is amenable to laboratory experimentation at each stage of the parasite's life cycle. Here, we take stock of 5 years of experimental laboratory research carried out using Plasmodium relictum SGS1, the most prevalent avian malaria lineage in Europe, and its natural vector, the mosquito Culex pipiens . For this purpose, we compile and analyse data obtained in our laboratory in 14 different experiments. We provide statistical relationships between different infection-related parameters, including parasitaemia, gametocytaemia, host morbidity (anaemia) and transmission rates to mosquitoes. This analysis provides a wide-ranging picture of the within-host and between-host parameters that may bear on malaria transmission and epidemiology.

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Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-020-04342-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eunice Oluwatobiloba Adedeji ◽

Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana ◽

Segun Fatumo ◽

Thomas Beder ◽

Yvonne Ajamma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Vector Control ◽

Malaria Transmission ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Parasite Development ◽

Potential Contribution ◽

Population Replacement ◽

Blood Digestion ◽

Significant Toxicity ◽

And Control

Abstract The increasing resistance to currently available insecticides in the malaria vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, hampers their use as an effective vector control strategy for the prevention of malaria transmission. Therefore, there is need for new insecticides and/or alternative vector control strategies, the development of which relies on the identification of possible targets in Anopheles. Some known and promising targets for the prevention or control of malaria transmission exist among Anopheles metabolic proteins. This review aims to elucidate the current and potential contribution of Anopheles metabolic proteins to malaria transmission and control. Highlighted are the roles of metabolic proteins as insecticide targets, in blood digestion and immune response as well as their contribution to insecticide resistance and Plasmodium parasite development. Furthermore, strategies by which these metabolic proteins can be utilized for vector control are described. Inhibitors of Anopheles metabolic proteins that are designed based on target specificity can yield insecticides with no significant toxicity to non-target species. These metabolic modulators combined with each other or with synergists, sterilants, and transmission-blocking agents in a single product, can yield potent malaria intervention strategies. These combinations can provide multiple means of controlling the vector. Also, they can help to slow down the development of insecticide resistance. Moreover, some metabolic proteins can be modulated for mosquito population replacement or suppression strategies, which will significantly help to curb malaria transmission.

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