We have previously shown that microgravity and simulated microgravity induce an increase in human and rat aortic stiffness. We attempted to elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for this increase in stiffness. We hypothesize that an alteration in vessel wall collagen or elastin content or in extracellular matrix (ECM) cross-linking either individually or in a combination is responsible for the increased vessel stiffness. Rats underwent hindlimb unweighting (HLU) for a period of 7 days to simulate microgravity. The contribution of ECM cross-linking to the vessel wall stiffness was evaluated by measuring aortic pulse wave velocity following inhibition of the cross-linking enzymes lysyl oxidase (LOX) and transglutaminase (tTG) and the nonenzymatic advanced glycation end product cross-linking pathway during HLU. Aortic collagen and elastin content was quantified using established colorimetric assays. Collagen subtype composition was determined via immunofluorescent staining. The increase in aortic pulse wave velocity after HLU was significantly attenuated in the LOX and tTG inhibition groups compared with saline (1.13 ± 0.11 vs. 3.00 ± 0.15 m/s, LOX vs. saline, P < 0.001; 1.16 ± 0.25 vs. 3.00 ± 0.15 m/s, tTG vs. saline, P < 0.001). Hydroxyproline content, a measure of collagen content, was increased in all groups after HLU (2.01 ± 0.62 vs. 3.69 ± 0.68% dry weight, non-HLU vs. HLU, P = 0.009). Collagen subtype composition and aortic elastin content were not altered by HLU. Together, these data indicate that HLU-induced increases in aortic stiffness are due to both increased aortic collagen content and enzyme cross-linking activity.
Site-specific coupling between aortic pulse wave velocity, carotid vessel wall thickness and peripheral stenosis severity in peripheral arterial occlusive disease at 3T MRI
