scholarly journals A competence of embryo-derived tissues of tetraploid cultivated wheat species Triticum dicoccum and Triticum timopheevii for efficient and stable transgenesis mediated by particle inflow gun

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Miroshnichenko ◽  
Anna Klementyeva ◽  
Alexander Pushin ◽  
Sergey Dolgov
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Transformation Efficiency ◽  
Emmer Wheat ◽  
Immature Embryos ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Triticum Timopheevii ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Polyploid Wheat

Abstract Background The ability to engineer cereal crops by gene transfer technology is a powerful and informative tool for discovering and studying functions of genes controlling environmental adaptability and nutritional value. Tetraploid wheat species such as emmer wheat and Timopheevi wheat are the oldest cereal crops cultivated in various world areas long before the Christian era. Nowadays, these hulled wheat species are gaining new interest as donors for gene pools responsible for the improved grain yield and quality, tolerance for abiotic and biotic stress, resistance to pests and disease. The establishing of efficient gene transfer techniques for emmer and Timopheevi wheat may help in creation of modern polyploid wheat varieties. Results In the present study, we describe a robust protocol for the production of fertile transgenic plants of cultivated emmer wheat (Russian cv. ‘Runo’) using a biolistic delivery of a plasmid encoding the gene of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and an herbicide resistance gene (BAR). Both the origin of target tissues (mature or immature embryos) and the type of morphogenic calli (white or translucent) influenced the efficiency of stable transgenic plant production in emmer wheat. The bombardment of nodular white compact calluses is a major factor allowed to achieve the highest transformation efficiency of emmer wheat (on average, 12.9%) confirmed by fluorescence, PCR, and Southern blot. In the absence of donor plants for isolation of immature embryos, mature embryo-derived calluses could be used as alternative tissues for recovering transgenic emmer plants with a frequency of 2.1%. The biolistic procedure based on the bombardment of immature embryo-derived calluses was also successful for the generation of transgenic Triticum timopheevii wheat plants (transformation efficiency of 0.5%). Most of the primary events transmitted the transgene expression to the sexual progeny. Conclusion The procedures described here can be further used to study the functional biology and contribute to the agronomic improvement of wheat. We also recommend involving in such research the Russian emmer wheat cv. ‘Runo’, which demonstrates a high capacity for biolistic-mediated transformation, exceeding the previously reported values for different genotypes of polyploid wheat.

scholarly journals Insights from invasion ecology: Can consideration of eco-evolutionary experience promote benefits from root mutualisms in plant production?

AoB Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Ramoneda ◽  
Johannes Le Roux ◽  
Emmanuel Frossard ◽  
Cecilia Bester ◽  
Noel Oettlé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Crop Domestication ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis

Abstract Mutualistic plant–microbial functioning relies on co-adapted symbiotic partners as well as conducive environmental conditions. Choosing particular plant genotypes for domestication and subsequent cultivar selection can narrow the gene pools of crop plants to a degree that they are no longer able to benefit from microbial mutualists. Elevated mineral nutrient levels in cultivated soils also reduce the dependence of crops on nutritional support by mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia. Thus, current ways of crop production are predestined to compromise the propagation and function of microbial symbionts, limiting their long-term benefits for plant yield stability. The influence of mutualists on non-native plant establishment and spread, i.e. biological invasions, provides an unexplored analogue to contemporary crop production that accounts for mutualistic services from symbionts like rhizobia and mycorrhizae. The historical exposure of organisms to biotic interactions over evolutionary timescales, or so-called eco-evolutionary experience (EEE), has been used to explain the success of such invasions. In this paper, we stress that consideration of the EEE concept can shed light on how to overcome the loss of microbial mutualist functions following crop domestication and breeding. We propose specific experimental approaches to utilize the wild ancestors of crops to determine whether crop domestication compromised the benefits derived from root microbial symbioses or not. This can predict the potential for success of mutualistic symbiosis manipulation in modern crops and the maintenance of effective microbial mutualisms over the long term.

Structural Transformations in Agriculture in Poland and Ukraine: Towards Economic Sustainability

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria HELDAK ◽  
Anatolii KUCHER ◽  
Agnieszka STACHERZAK ◽  
Lesіa KUCHER
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Structural Transformations ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
High Share

The paper discusses the topic of production volume of selected agricultural products in Poland and in Ukraine by taking an attempt to assess the market development in the context of the general characteristics of agricultural farms in these countries. The collected information was analyzed with use of the comparative method, by juxtaposing information about the structure of agricultural farms in Poland and in Ukraine in terms of the organization of farms, their number and surface area according to the adopted area groups and the analysis of plant production according to main cultivated crops and their yield. Further factors used to evaluate the extent of changes in structural transformations in agriculture were statistical measures, including the determination coefficient. In Poland, agricultural production is conducted mainly in individual farms (also called family or private farms). This refers both to animal and plant production. On the other hand, in Ukraine, production takes place in agriculture enterprises and households, whose distribution is similar to uniform distribution. In spite of significant differences in the area covered by agricultural land in Ukraine and in Poland, the latter is characterized by a relatively high share of the production of cereal crops and sugar beet, while Ukraine is the leader in the production of sunflower seeds (second largest manufacturer in the world), which is only a marginal crop in Poland.

CAPS markers specific to Eb, Ee, and R genomes in the tribe Triticeae

Genome ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.-M. Li ◽  
B.S. Lee ◽  
A.C. Mammadov ◽  
B.-C. Koo ◽  
I.W. Mott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Caps Markers ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Disomic Addition Lines ◽  
Chinese Germplasm ◽  
Gypsy Retrotransposons ◽  
Shed Light

Wild Triticeae grasses serve as important gene pools for forage and cereal crops. Understanding their genome compositions is pivotal for efficient use of this vast gene pool in germplasm-enhancement programs. Several cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers were developed to distinguish the Eb, Ee, and R genomes. With the aid of disomic addition lines of wheat, it was confirmed that all 7 chromosomes of Eb, Ee, and R genomes carry these genome-specific CAPS markers. Thus, the identified CAPS markers are useful in detecting and monitoring the chromosomes of these 3 genomes. This study also provides evidence suggesting that some Purdue and Chinese germplasm lines developed for barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resistance are different from those developed in Australia. Furthermore, Thinopyrum intermedium and Thinopyrum ponticum were shown to have different genome constitutions. Sequence analyses of the 1272 bp sequences, containing Ty3/gypsy retrotransposons, from the Eb, Ee, and R genomes also shed light on the evolution of these 3 genomes.

scholarly journals A NEW SUBSPECIES OF WHEAT: TRITICUM DICOCCON ȍSCHRANKȎ SCHUEBL. SUBSP. NUDICOCCON KOBYL. ET SMEKAL.

2020 ◽  
Vol 180 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-151
Author(s):  
Т. N. Smekalova ◽  
V. D. Kobylyansky
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Features ◽  
Emmer Wheat ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
New Subspecies ◽  
Triticum Dicoccon ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Dietary Value

In recent years, an increased interest in emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) has been observed, due to the dietary value of its grain, which is used for making highquality cereal products. The main disadvantages of this crop are a relatively low yield, if compared with other wheat species, a brittle ear, and problems with grain threshability (filmy kernels are threshed out of the ear together with the chaff). Thus, developing hulless cultivars of emmer is at present an urgent task. Constant lines of naked emmer wheat, which make up the described subspecies, served as the material for this research, including four lines developed at VIR by A. F. Merezhko and seven by V. D. Kobylyansky. The wheat produced from interspecific crosses between different varieties of the hulless T. durum Desf. and various local forms of the hulled T. dicoccon (Schrank) Schuebl. has deserved the rank of subspecies (T. dicoccon (Schrank) Schuebl. subsp. nudicoccon Kobyl. et Smekal.). The obtained hulless wheat demonstrates morphological features characteristic of T. dicoccon: its ear is flat, there are two grains in the spikelet, etc., while its kernels are easily separated from chaff.

Tetraploid wheat species Triticum timopheevii and Triticum militinae in common wheat improvement

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Järve ◽  
I. Jakobson ◽  
T. Enno
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Triticum Timopheevii ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Major Genes ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Unknown Species

Timopheevii wheats are discussed as donors for improving the disease resistance of common wheat. Attention is paid to the comparison of the morphological and chromosomal characteristics of Triticum timopheevii and T. militinae, their crossability with T. aestivum and their response to fungal diseases. The possible origin of T. militinae from an introgressive hybridization between T. timopheevii and an unknown species is discussed. Major genes for resistance to various fungal diseases, transferred to common wheat from T. timopheevii, are listed.

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