scholarly journals Assessment of breast cancer risk among Iraqi women in 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hashim Talib Hashim ◽  
Mustafa Ahmed Ramadhan ◽  
Kabas Monther Theban ◽  
John Bchara ◽  
Ahed El-Abed-El-Rassoul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Lifetime Risk ◽  
Gail Model ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Iraqi Women ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide and the leading cause of death among Iraqi women. Breast cancer cases in Iraq were found to have increased from 26.6/100,000 in 2000 to 31.5/100,000 in 2009. The present study aims to assess the established risk factors of breast cancer among Iraqi women and to highlight strategies that can aid in reducing the incidence. Methods 1093 Iraqi females were enrolled in this cross-sectional study by purposive sampling methods. Data collection occurred from July 2019 to September 2019. 1500 women participated in the study, and 407 women were ultimately excluded. The questionnaire was conducted as a self-administrated form in an online survey. Ethical approval was obtained from the College of Medicine in the University of Baghdad. The Gail Model risk was calculated for each woman by the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT), an interactive model developed by Mitchell Gail that was designed to estimate a woman’s absolute risk of developing breast cancer in the upcoming five years of her life and in her lifetime. Results The ages of the participants ranged from 35 to 84 years old. The mean 5–year risk of breast cancer was found to be 1.3, with 75.3% of women at low risk and 24.7% of women at high risk. The mean lifetime risk of breast cancer was found to be 13.4, with 64.7% of women at low risk, 30.3% at moderate risk, and 5.0% at high risk. The results show that geographically Baghdad presented the highest 5-year risk, followed by Dhi Qar, Maysan, and Nineveh. However, the highest lifetime risk was found in Najaf, followed by Dhi Qar, Baghdad, and Nineveh, successively. Conclusion Breast cancer is a wide-spreading problem in the world and particularly in Iraq, with Gail Model estimations of high risk in several governorates. Prevention programs need to be implemented and awareness campaigns organized in order to highlight the importance of early detection and treatment.

scholarly journals Addressing Barriers to Uptake of Breast Cancer Chemoprevention for Patients and Providers

2015 ◽  
pp. e50-e58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D. Crew
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Chemoprevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Breast Cancer Chemoprevention

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in the United States, and the primary prevention of this disease is a major public health issue. Because there are relatively few modifiable breast cancer risk factors, pharmacologic interventions with antiestrogens have the potential to significantly affect the primary prevention setting. Breast cancer chemoprevention with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen and raloxifene, and with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) exemestane and anastrozole, is underutilized despite several randomized controlled trials demonstrating up to a 50% to 65% relative risk reduction in breast cancer incidence among women at high risk. An estimated 10 million women in the United States meet high-risk criteria for breast cancer and are potentially eligible for chemoprevention, but less than 5% of women at high risk who are offered antiestrogens for primary prevention agree to take it. Reasons for low chemoprevention uptake include lack of routine breast cancer risk assessment in primary care, inadequate time for counseling, insufficient knowledge about antiestrogens among patients and providers, and concerns about side effects. Interventions designed to increase chemoprevention uptake, such as decision aids and incorporating breast cancer risk assessment into clinical practice, have met with limited success. Clinicians can help women make informed decisions about chemoprevention by effectively communicating breast cancer risk and enhancing knowledge about the risks and benefits of antiestrogens. Widespread adoption of chemoprevention will require a major paradigm shift in clinical practice for primary care providers (PCPs). However, enhancing uptake and adherence to breast cancer chemoprevention holds promise for reducing the public health burden of this disease.

scholarly journals Assessing Risk and Knowledge of Women on Breast Cancer and Providing Lifestyle Advice for the Management of Breast Cancer Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghouse Ishrar Shaik Mohammad ◽  
Prasanth Neeluri ◽  
Reddy Gaddi Geetha ◽  
Manasa Madamanchi Ganga
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Lifetime Risk ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and is the main cause of cancer mortality among women in the world. Overall, 1 in 28 women is likely to develop breast cancer during her lifetime. Although the mortality rate is decreasing, the incidence is persistently increasing due to urbanization and lifestyle changes. So, there is a need to assess the personal breast cancer risk and increase the knowledge of women on early detection. The present study aims to assess the risk and knowledge of women on breast cancer. The main objective of the study is to identify the women at high risk, to create awareness among women about early screening and detection and to educate lifestyle management to decrease breast cancer risk. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed during the period of June 2019 to November 2019 in the women attended for mammographic examination. A total of 270 women responded to the study. The results showed that five-year risk is found to be high for 31.1% of women and low for 68.8% of women with a mean of 1.4 and the standard deviation is 1.24. About 14.81% of women were found to have strong lifetime risk and 30.37% of women had average lifetime risk and 54.81% women had usual lifetime risk. The mean lifetime risk of the women is 16.09 and the standard deviation is 10.2. The majority of the participants have low knowledge on breast cancer; BSE, and mammography i.e., 80% of them were lack of knowledge. The mean knowledge score is 6.34 and the standard deviation is 5.45. The women who had high five-year and strong lifetime risk are eligible for breast cancer prevention and management approaches. The women with moderate lifetime risk were advised with regular screening and Breast Self-Examination practices.

Cell-based breast cancer risk stratification based on DNA methylation in fine needle aspiration samples

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1508-1508
Author(s):  
D. Euhus ◽  
D. Bu ◽  
S. Milchgrub ◽  
A. M. Leitch ◽  
C. M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Gail Model ◽  
Rassf1a Methylation ◽  
Risk Patients

1508 Background: Tumor suppressor gene (TSG) methylation is identified in nearly all breast cancers, but rarely in histologically normal breast tissue from wonen unaffected with breast cancer. Its occurrence in high risk preneoplasia and in benign breast tissue adjacent to breast cancer suggests that it may represent a high risk field change that could be exploited for cell-based breast cancer risk stratification. Methods: TSG methylation was measured by quantitative methylation-specific real time PCR in 53 breast tumor fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies, 84 cellular random periareolar FNAs (RP-FNA) ipsilateral or contralateral to these cancers, 36 cellular RP- FNAs from unaffected women at high risk for breast cancer by the Gail model, and 95 cellular RP-FNAs from unaffected women at lower risk by the Gail model. Results: The breast tumors showed a high frequency of TSG methylation: RASSF1A 80%, HIN-1 65%, Cyclin D2 60%, RAR-β2 53%, and APC 47%. In general, RP-FNA samples from cancer patients and Gail high risk patients showed a greater frequency of methylation than samples from Gail lower risk patients: RASSF1A 43% vs. 21%, P = 0.001, HIN-1 32% vs. 20%, P = 0.05; Cyclin D2 18% vs. 9%, P = 0.10; RAR-β2 21% vs. 18%, P = 0.68; and APC 25% vs. 16%, P = 0.17. Twelve of 215 RP-FNA samples (5%) showed very high levels of methylation (>10% methylation for two or more genes). Only two of these samples were from women classified as lower risk by the Gail model. Methylation frequencies were entirely independent of cell yields but the frequency of RASSF1A methylation increased with increasing Masood scores (P = 0.05). Methylation of RASSF1A in one breast was highly predictive of RASSF1A methylation in the opposite breast (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: TSG methylation appears to be a breast cancer risk-associated field change that can be quantified in RP-FNA samples. RASSF1A methylation occurs frequently in benign breast epithelium, provides reasonable discrimination between high and lower risk breasts (O.R. = 2.0), is related to cytological atypia, and may be an early marker of a methylator phenotype. Quantification of TSG methylation in RP-FNA samples may provide a valuable surrogate endpoint biomarker for Phase II prevention trials. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Breast cancer risk assessment in the Czech female population – an adjustment of the original Gail model

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Novotny ◽  
Ladislav Pecen ◽  
Lubos Petruzelka ◽  
Adam Svobodnik ◽  
Ladislav Dusek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Gail Model ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment
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