scholarly journals The role of prenatal food insecurity on breastfeeding behaviors: findings from the United States pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Dinour ◽  
Elizabeth I. Rivera Rodas ◽  
Ndidiamaka N. Amutah-Onukagha ◽  
Laurén A. Doamekpor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pregnancy Risk

scholarly journals Incarceration Exposure and Barriers to Prenatal Care in the United States: Findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Testa ◽  
Dylan B. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pregnancy Risk ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Specific Barriers

Previous research demonstrates that exposure to incarceration during pregnancy – either personally or vicariously through a partner – worsens parental care. However, little is known about the specific barriers to parental care that are associated with incarceration exposure. Using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (years 2009–2016), the current study examines the relationship between exposure to incarceration during pregnancy and barriers to prenatal care in the United States. Negative binomial and logistic regression models were used to assess the association between the recent incarceration of a woman or her partner (i.e., incarceration that occurred in the 12 months prior to the focal birth) and several barriers to prenatal care. Findings indicate that exposure to incarceration, either personally or vicariously through a partner, increases the overall number of barriers to prenatal care and this association operates through several specific barriers including a lack of transportation to doctor’s appointments, having difficulty finding someone to take care of her children, being too busy, keeping pregnancy a secret, and a woman not knowing she was pregnant. Policies designed to help incarceration exposed women overcome these barriers can potentially yield benefits for enhancing access to parental care.

scholarly journals Use of open-text responses to recode categorical survey data on postpartum contraception use among women in the United States: A mixed-methods inquiry of Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. e1003878
Author(s):  
Nicole K. Richards ◽  
Christopher P. Morley ◽  
Martha A. Wojtowycz ◽  
Erin Bevec ◽  
Brooke A. Levandowski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Pregnancy Prevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pregnancy Risk ◽  
Postpartum Contraception ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Survey Questions ◽  
Contraception Use

Background Postpartum contraception prevents unintended pregnancies and short interpregnancy intervals. The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) collects population-based data on postpartum contraception nonuse and reasons for not using postpartum contraception. In addition to quantitative questions, PRAMS collects open-text responses that are typically left unused by secondary quantitative analyses. However, abundant preexisting open-text data can serve as a resource for improving quantitative measurement accuracy and qualitatively uncovering unexpected responses. We used PRAMS survey questions to explore unprompted reasons for not using postpartum contraception and offer insight into the validity of categorical responses. Methods and findings We used 31,208 categorical 2012 PRAMS survey responses from postpartum women in the US to calculate original prevalences of postpartum contraception use and nonuse and reasons for contraception nonuse. A content analysis of open-text responses systematically recoded data to mitigate survey bias and ensure consistency, resulting in adjusted prevalence calculations and identification of other nonuse themes. Recoded contraception nonuse slightly differed from original reports (21.5% versus 19.4%). Both calculations showed that many respondents reporting nonuse may be at a low risk for pregnancy due to factors like tubal ligation or abstinence. Most frequent nonuse reasons were not wanting to use birth control (27.1%) and side effect concerns (25.0%). Other open-text responses showed common themes of infertility, and breastfeeding as contraception. Comparing quantitative and qualitative responses revealed contradicting information, suggesting respondent misinterpretation and confusion surrounding the term “pregnancy prevention.” Though this analysis may be limited by manual coding error and researcher biases, we avoided coding exhaustion via 1-hour coding periods and validated reliability through intercoder kappa scores. Conclusions In this study, we observed that respondents reporting contraception nonuse often described other methods of pregnancy prevention and contraception barriers that were not included in categorical response options. Open-text responses shed light on a more comprehensive list of pregnancy prevention methods and nonuse options. Our findings contribute to survey questions that can lead to more accurate depiction of postpartum contraceptive behavior. Additionally, future use of these qualitative methods may be used to improve other health behavior survey development and resulting data.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Role of Information in Chemicals Policy: Implications for TSCA and REACH

elni Review ◽  
2005 ◽  
pp. 22-37
Author(s):  
Lars Koch ◽  
Nicholas A. Ashford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
European Union ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sequential Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Chemicals Policy

This article analyzes the role of different kinds of information for minimizing or eliminating the risks due to the production, use, and disposal of chemical substances and contrasts it with present and planned (informational) regulation in the United States and the European Union, respectively. Some commentators who are disillusioned with regulatory approaches have argued that informational tools should supplant mandatory regulatory measures unflatteringly described as “command and control.” Critics of this reformist view are concerned with the lack of technology-innovation forcing that results from informational policies alone. We argue that informational tools can be made more technology inducing – and thus more oriented towards environmental innovations – than they are under current practices, with or without complementary regulatory mechanisms, although a combination of approaches may yield the best results. The conventional approach to chemicals policy envisions a sequential process that includes three steps of (1) producing or collecting risk-relevant information, (2) performing a risk assessment or characterization, followed by (3) risk management practices, often driven by regulation. We argue that such a sequential process is too static, or linear, and spends too many resources on searching for, or generating information about present hazards, in comparison to searching for, and generating information related to safer alternatives which include input substitution, final product reformulation, and/or process changes. These pollution prevention or cleaner technology approaches are generally acknowledged to be superior to pollution control. We argue that the production of risk information necessary for risk assessment, on the one hand, and the search for safer alternatives on the other hand, should be approached simultaneously in two parallel quests. Overcoming deficits in hazard-related information and knowledge about risk reduction alternatives must take place in a more synchronized manner than is currently being practiced. This parallel approach blurs the alleged bright line between risk assessment and risk management, but reflects more closely how regulatory agencies actually approach the regulation of chemicals. These theoretical considerations are interpreted in the context of existing and planned informational tools in the United States and the European Union, respectively. The current political debate in the European Union concerned with reforming chemicals policy and implementing the REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) system is focused on improving the production and assessment of risk information with regard to existing chemicals, although it also contains some interesting risk management elements. To some extent, REACH mirrors the approach taken in the U.S. under the Toxics Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976. TSCA turned out not to be effectively implemented and provides lessons that should be relevant to REACH. In this context, we discuss the opportunities and limits of existing and planned informational tools for achieving risk reduction.

scholarly journals Addressing food insecurity in the United States: the role of policy, systems changes, and environmental supports

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 827-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Fleischhacker ◽  
Courtney A Parks ◽  
Amy Lazarus Yaroch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Food System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Systems ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Environmental Supports

The growth of PSE changes across the food system helps illustrate the importance of translating multipronged approaches to address food insecurity in the U.S.

scholarly journals Paternal Involvement and Maternal Perinatal Behaviors: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2012-2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-261
Author(s):  
Katherine Kortsmit ◽  
Craig Garfield ◽  
Ruben A. Smith ◽  
Sheree Boulet ◽  
Clarissa Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Paternal Involvement ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Pregnancy Risk ◽  
Maternal Behaviors ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Objectives: Paternal involvement is associated with improved infant and maternal outcomes. We compared maternal behaviors associated with infant morbidity and mortality among married women, unmarried women with an acknowledgment of paternity (AOP; a proxy for paternal involvement) signed in the hospital, and unmarried women without an AOP in a representative sample of mothers in the United States from 32 sites. Methods: We analyzed 2012-2015 data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, which collects site-specific, population-based data on preconception, prenatal and postpartum behaviors, and experiences from women with a recent live birth. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine associations between level of paternal involvement and maternal perinatal behaviors. Results: Of 113 020 respondents (weighted N = 6 159 027), 61.5% were married, 27.4% were unmarried with an AOP, and 11.1% were unmarried without an AOP. Compared with married women and unmarried women with an AOP, unmarried women without an AOP were less likely to initiate prenatal care during the first trimester (married, aPR [95% CI], 0.94 [0.92-0.95]; unmarried with AOP, 0.97 [0.95-0.98]), ever breastfeed (married, 0.89 [0.87-0.90]; unmarried with AOP, 0.95 [0.94-0.97]), and breastfeed at least 8 weeks (married, 0.76 [0.74-0.79]; unmarried with AOP, 0.93 [0.90-0.96]) and were more likely to use alcohol during pregnancy (married, 1.20 [1.05-1.37]; unmarried with AOP, 1.21 [1.06-1.39]) and smoke during pregnancy (married, 3.18 [2.90-3.49]; unmarried with AOP, 1.23 [1.15-1.32]) and after pregnancy (married, 2.93 [2.72-3.15]; unmarried with AOP, 1.17 [1.10-1.23]). Conclusions: Use of information on the AOP in addition to marital status provides a better understanding of factors that affect maternal behaviors.

scholarly journals Exploring the role of social capital in managing food insecurity among older women in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 113492
Author(s):  
Anna M. Leddy ◽  
Henry J. Whittle ◽  
Jacqueline Shieh ◽  
Catalina Ramirez ◽  
Ighovwerha Ofotokun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Older Women ◽  
The United States
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document