scholarly journals The effect of type of firearm and shooting distance on pattern distribution, particle dispersion and amount of gunshot residue

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainiharyati Mohd Zain ◽  
Siti Nurhazlin Jaluddin ◽  
Mohamed Izzharif Abdul Halim ◽  
Mohamed Sazif Mohamed Subri
Keyword(s):  
Particle Density ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Gunshot Residue ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Pattern Distribution ◽  
Firing Distance ◽  
Shooting Distance

Abstract Background Evidence can be defined as the object’s availability and/or information that indicates whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. Gunshot residue (GSR) is an important evidence that can serve many roles in ballistic investigation such as shooting distance, type of firearm and ammunition used in shooting related to GSR. However, due to minimal amount of GSR that can be found in crime scene, suitable methods and technique are required in order to obtain the information from the evidence. This action is also known as evidence recovery. When a firearm is fired, soot or particles are discharged from any opening of the firearm and deposited at the vicinity of point of shooting. Results This study emphasized on the examination of the soot/particles produced and pattern distribution of GSR deposited on white cotton cloth target at varying shooting distances (from 3 to 50 cm) using a video spectral comparator. Pattern distribution and GSR particle density are the main factors in determining the shooting distances in clothing. Principle component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were used to classify firearms; the differences in the GSR pattern distribution are highly recognizable. This study showed that the relationship between the GSR particle dispersion and shooting distance was proportionally linear. The results obtained from the shooting test showed that the diameter of GSR distribution and the amount of residues being deposited from shots fired decreased at distances greater than 21 cm. Conclusion This study will help the investigators in determining the shooting distances and evaluating the firearms used. There is a promising method for examination of GSR pattern on the target material which is also important for firing distance estimation.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in the Methods of Estimating Shooting Distance

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 573-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Zeichner ◽  
Baruch Glattstein
Keyword(s):  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Instrumental Analysis ◽  
Gunshot Residue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Shooting Distance

A review of developments during the past 10 years in the methods of estimating shooting distance is provided. This review discusses the examination of clothing targets, cadavers, and exhibits that cannot be processed in the laboratory. The methods include visual/microscopic examinations, color tests, and instrumental analysis of the gunshot residue deposits around the bullet entrance holes. The review does not cover shooting distance estimation from shotguns that fired pellet loads.

scholarly journals Spectroscopic (analytical) approach to gunshot residue analysis for shooting distance estimation: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell Abedi ◽  
Dan O. M. Bonsu ◽  
Isaac K. Badu ◽  
Richmond Afoakwah ◽  
Pooja Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Gunshot Residue ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensitivity And Selectivity ◽  
A Current ◽  
Shooting Distance ◽  
Limited Sensitivity

Abstract Background The determination of the shooting distance using gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is crucial in the investigation and reconstruction of firearm-related crimes. However, the conventional chemographic method for GSR analysis is destructive and has limited sensitivity and selectivity. While the spectroscopic method has potential in GSR analysis for crime investigation, there is a current lack of consistency in the spectroscopic results obtained for shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis. Addressing such limitations will enhance the forensic capabilities of law enforcement and provide an added advantage to crime laboratories during an investigation. It will also reinforce the use of such spectroscopic data in a criminal investigation. Main text We obtained all peer-reviewed articles relevant to shooting distance estimation from searching Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We specifically searched the databases using the keywords “shooting distance,” “range of fire,” “gunshot residue,” “firearm discharge residue,” and “firearm-related crime” and obtained 3811 records. We further filtered these records using a combination of two basic keywords “gunshot residue” and “shooting distance estimations” yielding 108 papers. Following a careful evaluation of the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 40 original peer-reviewed articles on shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis were included in the study. The forgoing included additional sources (n = 5) we obtained from looking through the reference lists of the forensic articles we found. Short conclusion This paper discusses the current scope of research concerning the chemographic and spectroscopic analysis of GSR for shooting distance estimation. It also examines the challenges of these techniques and provides recommendations for future research.

Improved Method for Shooting Distance Estimation. Part 1. Bullet Holes in Clothing Items

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 14773J ◽  
Author(s):  
Baruch Glattstein ◽  
Asya Vinokurov ◽  
Nadav Levin ◽  
Arie Zeichner
Keyword(s):  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Shooting Distance

Improved Method for Shooting Distance Estimation. Part III. Bullet Holes in Cadavers

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 14873J ◽  
Author(s):  
Baruch Glattstein ◽  
Arie Zeichner ◽  
Asya Vinokurov ◽  
Nadav Levin ◽  
Chen Kugel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Shooting Distance

Firing distance estimation based on the analysis of GSR distribution on the target surface using ICP-MS—An experimental study with a 7.65mm×17mm Browning pistol (.32 ACP)

2015 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 62-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agostinho Santos ◽  
Patrícia Ramos ◽  
Luís Fernandes ◽  
Teresa Magalhães ◽  
Agostinho Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Firing Distance

Laser-Target Interactions and its Effect on Surface Morphology of Laser Deposited thin films

1990 ◽  
Vol 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Singh ◽  
D. Bhattacharya ◽  
J. Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Laser Evaporation ◽  
Nanosecond Laser ◽  
Laser Target ◽  
Surface Evaporation ◽  
Surface Temperatures

AbstractThe laser-target interactions during pulsed laser evaporation (PLE) of materials have been investigated in detail. Sub-surface temperatures have been calculated to be higher than the surface temperatures during planar surface evaporation of the target material. While the evaporating surface is being cooled due to the latent heat of vaporization, sub-surface superheating occurs due to the finite absorption depth of the laser beam. Detailed computer simulations have been carried out to understand the evaporation characteristics of different targets (Si, YBa2Cu3O7 ) as a function of laser and target variables. For silicon targets irradiated with 25 nanosecond laser pulses (energy density of 10J/cm2, absorption coefficient of 105 cm−1), the sub-surface temperatures were found to be more than 2000°C above the surface evaporation temperatures. The sub-surface superheating increased with increasing energy density and absorption depth. This internal superheating effects may lead to volume evaporation of the target where a solid material in form of particles may be ejected from the target surface. Based on the above understanding, parameters required to reduce the particle density in PLE films are predicted.

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