scholarly journals Science|Environment|Health – the emergence of a new pedagogy of complex living systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Zeyer ◽  
Justin Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
Science Pedagogy ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Work First ◽  
Medicine Education

AbstractScience|Environment|Health (S|E|H) is an emerging science pedagogy for complex living systems. The name highlights a situation of mutual benefit between science education, environmental education and health education. The paper discusses a range of topics from the curriculum-focused origin of the S|E|H movement to the issues that concern S|E|H researchers today. These include, among others, the role of scientific knowledge in S|E|H decision making, medicine education as a paradigmatic example of S|E|H, complexity in S|E|H issues, the role of empathy in S|E|H, and the tension between societal and individual responsibility. In conclusion, it is argued that two insights are essential for current S|E|H work. First, living systems can be understood both in causal and empathetic terms, which makes S|E|H a powerful ‘science for all’ approach. Second, in living systems, there is always a trade-off between predictability and homeostasis. This brings S|E|H in a natural antagonism – but not in opposition – to STEM approaches.

Understanding Luxury Shopping Destination Preference Using Conjoint Analysis and Traditional Item-Based Measurement

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kam Hung ◽  
Basak Denizci Guillet ◽  
Hanqin Qiu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Mainland Chinese ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Chinese Tourists ◽  
Chinese Travelers

This study analyses the destination preferences of mainland Chinese tourists within the context of luxury shopping, and compares the traditional item-based method and conjoint analysis to understand their preference. The methods comparison reveals the role of trade-off in consumers’ decision making, which is seldom considered in tourism research. Conjoint analysis was also found to create more apparent patterns of travelers’ preference. Theoretically, the attributes of a luxury shopping destination are developed from scratch with a mixed methods approach. The key attributes are identified with rigorous procedures to represent the main preferences of Chinese travelers in choosing a destination for luxury shopping. This is the first attempt to compare conjoint analysis with the traditional approach in one study with empirical data to reflect the role of trade-off in tourist decision making. Practically, the results suggest some caution in the development of luxury shopping destination.

scholarly journals Dopaminergic modulation of the exploration/exploitation trade-off in human decision-making

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karima Chakroun ◽  
David Mathar ◽  
Antonius Wiehler ◽  
Florian Ganzer ◽  
Jan Peters
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Bayesian Learning ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Exploration Exploitation

SummaryA central issue in reinforcement learning and decision-making is whether to exploit knowledge of reward values, or to explore novel options. Although it is widely hypothesized that dopamine neurotransmission plays a key role in regulating this balance, causal evidence for a role of dopamine in human exploration is still lacking. Here, we use a combination of computational modeling, pharmacological intervention and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test for a causal effect of dopamine transmission on the exploration-exploitation trade-off in humans. 31 healthy male subjects performed a restless four-armed bandit task in a within-subjects design under three drug conditions: 150mg of the dopamine precursor L-dopa, 2mg of the D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol, and placebo. In all conditions, choice behavior was best explained by an extension of an established Bayesian learning model accounting for perseveration, uncertainty-based exploration and random exploration. Uncertainty-based exploration was attenuated under L-dopa compared to placebo and haloperidol. There was no evidence for a modulation of prediction error signaling or categorical effects of exploration/exploitation under L-dopa, whereas model-based fMRI revealed that L-dopa attenuated neural representations of overall uncertainty in insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Our results highlight the computational role of these regions in exploration and suggest that dopamine modulates exploration by modulating how this circuit tracks accumulating uncertainty during decision-making.

scholarly journals Chronic nicotine increases midbrain dopamine neuron activity and biases individual strategies towards reduced exploration in a foraging task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malou Dongelmans ◽  
Romain Durand-de Cuttoli ◽  
Claire Nguyen ◽  
Maxime Come ◽  
Etienne K. Duranté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Archetypal Analysis ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Chronic Nicotine ◽  
Foraging Task ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exploration Exploitation

SummaryLong-term exposure to nicotine alters brain circuits and induces profound changes in decision-making strategies, affecting behaviors both related and unrelated to drug seeking and consumption. Using an intracranial self-stimulation reward-based foraging task, we investigated the impact of chronic nicotine on the trade-off between exploitation and exploration, and the role of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neuron activity in decision-making unrelated to nicotine-seeking. Model-based and archetypal analysis revealed a substantial inter-individual variability in decision-making strategies, with mice passively exposed to chronic nicotine visiting more frequently options associated with higher reward probability and therefore shifting toward a more exploitative profile compared to non-exposed animals. We then mimicked the effect of chronic nicotine on the tonic activity of VTA DA neurons using optogenetics, and found that photo-stimulated mice had a behavioral phenotype very close to that of mice exposed to nicotine, suggesting that the dopaminergic control of the exploration/exploitation balance is altered under nicotine exposure. Our results thus reveal a key role of tonic midbrain DA in the exploration/exploitation trade-off and highlight a potential mechanism by which nicotine affects decision-making.

An Evolutionary Perspective in Tourism: The Role of Socioeconomic Status on Extremeness Aversion in Travel Decision Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 004728752110247
Author(s):  
Jungkeun Kim ◽  
Marilyn Giroux ◽  
Jooyoung Park ◽  
Jacob C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Extremeness Aversion ◽  
Childhood Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Travel Decision ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Choice Set

The present research investigates a novel relationship between travelers’ childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and travel decision-making. We theorize that travelers from lower childhood SES or resource-scarce/unpredictable environments are more likely to avoid extreme options in a choice set. Five studies consistently show that childhood SES is negatively associated with extremeness aversion in diverse travel choices. We also demonstrate that the general risk tendency mediates the relationship between childhood SES and extremeness aversion in travel decision making (studies 3A and 3B). Lastly, we reveal that childhood SES is more likely to predict extremeness aversion when a choice set involves a quality–price trade-off rather than a quality–quality trade-off (study 4). This research introduces evolutionary aspects to explain pervasive behavioral tendencies in the context of travel and tourism and offers new insights to practitioners.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The Role of Shared Decision-Making in Audiologic Rehabilitation

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Pryce ◽  
Amanda Hall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Audiologic Rehabilitation

Shared decision-making (SDM), a component of patient-centered care, is the process in which the clinician and patient both participate in decision-making about treatment; information is shared between the parties and both agree with the decision. Shared decision-making is appropriate for health care conditions in which there is more than one evidence-based treatment or management option that have different benefits and risks. The patient's involvement ensures that the decisions regarding treatment are sensitive to the patient's values and preferences. Audiologic rehabilitation requires substantial behavior changes on the part of patients and includes benefits to their communication as well as compromises and potential risks. This article identifies the importance of shared decision-making in audiologic rehabilitation and the changes required to implement it effectively.

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