Understanding Chinese Independent Travel Market To South Korea: a Segmentation Approach

The rapid growth of the Chinese travel market has gained attention in the tourism industry. However, very few studies have been conducted to examine travel constraints that prevent Chinese outbound travelers from going somewhere quite accessible to their major destination from a multidestination perspective. Drawing upon the leisure constraint model (LCM), this study explored Chinese independent tourists' perceived travel constraints in selecting second-tier destinations in their destination choice and analyzed the market segments. A self-administered survey was collected from 393 Chinese travelers who did not visit Gyeonggi Province close to Seoul during their travels in South Korea. Based on the findings, four distinct groups were formed. The findings provide important insights into destinations that desire to attract more Chinese independent travelers.

A Guest at Home: The Experience of Chinese Pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago

This study identifies the main dimensions and attributes that shape the experience of the Camino de Santiago for Chinese travelers as a tourism product. By exploring the similarities and differences between their experiences and that of Western pilgrims, it also reflects on the sustainable marketing strategies of the Camino among Chinese travelers. The research adopts a phenomenological approach and gathers data from 112 online travel journals posted by Chinese Camino pilgrims, and from in-depth interviews with twelve Chinese pilgrims. The results reveal that the Camino is experienced by Chinese pilgrims as a personal journey of well-being and growth, as well as a cross-cultural experience. Authenticity and harmony are observed to be the key elements that contribute to a satisfying and transformative experience for Chinese pilgrims, where they find a cultural-spiritual center close to their traditional values, yet distant from their everyday social practices. Both Chinese and Western pilgrims undergo similar external and internal journeys, although each group travels in its respective sociocultural framework. The study is based on Cohen’s (1979) five travel-mode theory and enriches the discussion from a cross-cultural point of view. The implications for the sustainable management of the Camino as a global cultural heritage route, and for effectively marketing it among Chinese tourists, are also discussed.

The History of Gilgit-Baltistan

The Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) region in northern Pakistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas of Pakistan, has a long history. The people of the region, described as Dards, are mentioned by classical Greek and Roman historians and in sacred Hindu texts. This early history (3rd century ce–10th century ce) of the region shows it as ruled by the Kushan, Chinese, and Tibetan empires. In the 7th-century accounts of Chinese travelers and 8th- and 9th-century Arabic and Persian chronicles, the region is named as Palolo or Bolor in Arabic. It is also mentioned in the 10th-century Persian chronicle Hodud al-ʿĀlam, the 11th-century Kashmiri classic Rajatarangini, and the 16th-century Tarikh-e-Rushdi of Mirza Haider Dughlat, a chronicler of the Mughal emperor Akbar’s court. The colonial history of the region began with the forays of the Dogra generals of Gulab Singh, the Raja of Jammu in the first half of the 19th century. It is this history of foreign invasions and local rebellions that lies at the heart of the confusion that surrounds the legal, political, and constitutional status of the region to this day. The successive invasions of local Rajas from Jammu and later on from Kashmir, then of the British, as well as the region’s attachment to Pakistan have resulted in multiple claims and counterclaims of sovereignty. Today, the region is mired in the intractable dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. At one point in the late 19th century, the Kashmir state, the British, and the Chinese all simultaneously laid claim on the small kingdom of Hunza. Between 1947 and 1974, the Pakistani government administered GB in much the same way as the British had done, that is, without political representation of the region in the national Parliament. The history of GB since Partition has been essentially a history of its struggle to become a full member of the Pakistani state. This history is fascinating as a case of graded sovereignty. Some piecemeal reforms and agonizingly slow implementation of those reforms since the 1950s has occurred. The hope of the local people in 1947 that they would join the Pakistani federation as a province, as other regions of the country, has essentially remained unrealized.

Menelisik Kajian Islam dan Jejaring Ulama Nusantara

أبستراك أڬاما إسلام تيداك ديلاهيركان دي إيندونيسييا, نامون جوسترو نيڬارا إينيلاه ياڠ ميميليكي ڤيندودوك مسليم ديڠان جملاه تيربيسار دي دونييا. باڬايماناكاه چارا أڬاما إيني ماسوك دان بيركيمبانڬ دي أنتارا سوكو دان بودايا ياڠ بيراڬام دي نوسانتارا؟ ڤارا ڤيداڬاڠ عراب ياڠ بيراسال داي سيمينانجوڠ عرابيا كي ڤيسيسير أوتارا سوماتيرا (أچيه) ڤادا أباد كي-٧ ماسيهي إيتو سيلإين بيرداڬاڠ ميريكا جوڬا مينجادي ڤيۑيبار أڬاما إسلام دان ميلاكوكان ڤيركاوينان ديڠان وانيتا سيتيمڤات. سيكاليڤون ڤيندودوك ڤريبومي بيلوم باۑاك ياڠ ميميلوك أڬاما إسلام, تاڤي كومونيتاس مسليم ڤيرتاما تيلاه تيربينتوك ياڠ تيرديري داري أوراڠ-أوراڠ عراب ڤينداتاڠ دان ڤيندودوك لوكال.سيڤيرتي ياڠ ديداڤاتكان ڤارا ڤيڠيلانا چينا دي ڤيسيسير أوتارا سوماتيرا (أچيه) دان كومونيتاس إسلام دي ويلاياه سريويجايا. Abstrak Agama Islam tidak dilahirkan di Indonesia, namun justru negara inilah yang memiliki penduduk muslim dengan jumlah terbesar di dunia. Bagaimanakah cara agama ini masuk dan berkembang di antara suku dan budaya yang beragam di nusantara? Para pedagang Arab yang berasal dari semenanjung Arabia ke pesisir utara Sumatera (Aceh) pada Abad ke-7 Masehi itu selain berdagang mereka juga menjadi penyebar agama Islam dan melakukan perkawinan dengan wanita setempat. Sekalipun penduduk pribumi belum banyak yang memeluk agama Islam, tapi komunitas Muslim pertama telah terbentuk yang terdiri dari orang-orang Arab pendatang dan penduduk lokal, seperti yang didapatkan para pengelana Cina di pesisir utara Sumatera (Aceh) dan komunitas Islam di wilayah Sriwijaya. Abstract Islam was not born in Indonesia, but it is this country which has the largest Muslim population in the world. How does this religion enter and develop among the various ethnic groups and cultures in the Nusantara ? Arab traders who came from the Arabian peninsula to the north coast of Sumatra (Aceh) in the 7th century AD, apart from trading, they also spread Islam and married local women. Although not many indigenous people have embraced Islam, the first Muslim community has been formed consisting of Arab immigrants and local residents, as found by Chinese travelers on the north coast of Sumatra (Aceh) and the Islamic community in the Sriwijaya region.

Unraveling The Mechanisms Behind Chinese Outbound Tourist Shopping: A Social Practice Perspective

Chinese outbound tourist shopping is a prominent phenomenon in many destinations, but the mechanisms behind it have rarely been addressed. This study draws upon social practice theory to examine why shopping dominates the tourist experience of Chinese travelers in Australia. Thirty-two semistructured interviews were conducted to identify key social and consumption practices that lead to the dominance of Chinese outbound tourist shopping. The study argues that the shopping practices of Chinese tourists result from a combination of Chinese consumerism and guanxi maintenance under the condition of outbound travel. This study contributes to a holistic understanding of Chinese outbound tourist shopping by revealing how it is embedded in broader consumption practices in China.

Reading the Transpacific Journey as Borderspace: the Critical Accounts of Zhang Deyi and Fu Yunlong (1868–1888)

In this article, travel narratives by two late Qing diplomats, Zhang Deyi 張德彞 (1847–1918) and Fu Yunlong 傅雲龍 (1840–1901), are examined to explore global history from the perspective of Chinese travelers, revealing how discriminatory laws, imperial desires, mass migrations, power imbalances, and economic interests affected Chinese travelers who were distinct from other ethnic Chinese and non-ethnic Chinese itinerants traveling across the Pacific Ocean on the same ship and in the same era. Many of these Mandarin-speaking diplomats traveled on vessels with Cantonese-speaking ethnic counterparts, an indication of the multiplicity of “Chinese” migration experiences and distinct intraethnic encounters in the nineteenth century. This article shows how the embodied experience of Chinese travelers on ships affected not only the way they recorded the experience but also their understanding of the position of the Chinese empire with respect to the world at large.

Relationships among Country Image, Tour Motivations, Tour Quality, Tour Satisfaction, and Attitudinal Loyalty: The Case of Chinese Travelers to Korea

This study examined the antecedents and the consequences of tour motivations. More specifically, this study proposed how two sub-dimensions of a country’s image, such as the cognitive and the affective destination images, affect tour motivations. In addition, it was proposed that tour motivation helps to enhance tour quality and tour satisfaction. Lastly, this study examined the effect of tour quality the tour satisfaction on word-of-mouth. A total of 623 samples were employed in order to test the seven hypotheses. This study employed the AMOS program to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results of the data analysis showed that the cognitive and the affective destination images play an important role in the formation of the tour motivation. This study also found that tour motivation has a positive influence on tour quality. Additionally, the current study confirmed the effect of tour quality on tour satisfaction. Lastly, the influences of tour quality on tour satisfaction and word-of-mouth were identified.