The Effect of Auditory Stimulus Intensity on the Reaction Time of Schizophrenics

1958 ◽  
Vol 104 (437) ◽  
pp. 1160-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Venables ◽  
J. Tizard
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Optimum Point ◽  
Paradoxical Phenomenon ◽  
The Mean

Two earlier studies (Venables and Tizard, 1956a, b) on the reaction time (RT) of schizophrenics have shown that as the intensity of a visual stimulus is increased beyond an optimum point, RT to the stimulus increases. This “paradoxical” increase in RT is not shown by normal subjects, whose RT decreases as the intensity of visual stimulus increases. It was also found that the paradoxical phenomenon with visual stimuli was only shown on an initial occasion of testing. When the experiment was repeated twenty-four hours later, although there was no alteration in the mean level of RT, the pattern of increase in RT with increasing intensity, previously found, was absent.

Carbon Monoxide, Tissue Hypoxia, and Sensory Psychomotor Response in Hypoxaemic Subjects

1972 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reaction Speed

1. Twenty normal subjects, twenty patients with emphysema and twenty with anaemia breathed 0·03% carbon monoxide for 45 min. For all sixty the mean increase in carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) was 4·5%. Patients with emphysema showed a significantly smaller increase than did the other two groups. 2. The mean decrease in oxygen content was 209 vol./100 ml and was significantly less in patients with emphysema than in the other two groups. 3. All sixty subjects showed a significant diminution in reaction speed to a visual stimulus, but no significant change in tests for depth perception and visual discrimination for brightness. 4. No differences among the three groups were observed in respect to these psychological tests. 5. It is concluded that COHb concentrations of 5% may adversely affect reaction time to visual stimuli and that patients with emphysema are less susceptible to accumulation of COHb and decrease in venous oxygen content than normal subjects or patients with anaemia.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of reactions to visual and auditory stimuli in research on EEG evoked potentials

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 172-177
Author(s):  
Łukasz Tyburcy ◽  
Małgorzata Plechawska-Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Auditory Stimuli

The paper describes results of comparison of reactions times to visual and auditory stimuli using EEG evoked potentials. Two experiments were used to applied. The first one explored reaction times to visual stimulus and the second one to auditory stimulus. After conducting an analysis of data, received results enable determining that visual stimuli evoke faster reactions than auditory stimuli.

Startle Reflex Habituation in Children with Cerebral Palsy

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1135-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Goldberg ◽  
David E. Anderson ◽  
Stephen Wilder
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Startle Reflex ◽  
Startle Stimulus ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Children With Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

Two groups of children (9 with cerebral palsy and 10 normals, matched for sex and age) participated in a study of the startle reflex. Each child was instructed to press a button as soon as possible after the onset of a visual stimulus on a box on the table at which they were seated. During some of the trials, a sudden and intense auditory stimulus (85 dB) was presented concomitantly with the onset of the visual stimulus, and effects on reaction time recorded. Mean reaction time of normal children was significantly faster than that of the group with cerebral palsy. The magnitude of disruption associated with the first startle stimulus presentation was significantly greater for cerebral palsied children. The course between groups of habituation to the startle stimuli was not significantly different. Data support the hypothesis that startle reflexes of children with cerebral palsy are more marked than are those of normal children.

Activity of hippocampal formation neurons in the monkey related to a conditional spatial response task

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Miyashita ◽  
E. T. Rolls ◽  
P. M. Cahusac ◽  
H. Niki ◽  
J. D. Feigenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Video Monitor ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Spatial Response ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Response Task

To analyze neurophysiologically the functions of the primate hippocampus, the activity of 905 single hippocampal formation neurons was analyzed in two rhesus monkeys performing a conditional spatial response task known to be impaired in monkeys and in man by damage to the hippocampus or fornix. In the task, the monkey learned to make one spatial response, touching a screen three times when he saw one visual stimulus on the video monitor, and a different spatial response, of withdrawing his hand from the screen, when a different visual stimulus was shown. Fourteen percent of the neurons fired differentially to one or the other of the stimulus-spatial response associations. The mean latency of these differential responses was 154 +/- 44 (SD) ms. The firing of these neurons was shown to reflect a combination of the particular stimulus and the particular response associated by learning in the stimulus-response association task and could not be accounted for by the motor requirements of the task, nor wholly the stimulus aspects of the task, as demonstrated by testing their firing in related visual discrimination tasks. Responsive neurons were found throughout the hippocampal formation, but were particularly concentrated in the subicular complex and the CA3 subfield. These results show that single hippocampal neurons respond to combinations of the visual stimuli and the spatial responses with which they must become associated in conditional spatial response tasks and are consistent with the suggestion that part of the mechanism of this learning involves associations between visual stimuli and spatial responses learned by single hippocampal neurons.

Spatial and Cross-Modal Attention Alter Responses to Unattended Sensory Information in Early Visual and Auditory Human Cortex

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 2399-2413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian M. Ciaramitaro ◽  
Giedrius T. Buračas ◽  
Geoffrey M. Boynton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Brain Responses

Attending to a visual or auditory stimulus often requires irrelevant information to be filtered out, both within the modality attended and in other modalities. For example, attentively listening to a phone conversation can diminish our ability to detect visual events. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain responses to visual and auditory stimuli while subjects attended visual or auditory information. Although early cortical areas are traditionally considered unimodal, we found that brain responses to the same ignored information depended on the modality attended. In early visual area V1, responses to ignored visual stimuli were weaker when attending to another visual stimulus, compared with attending to an auditory stimulus. The opposite was true in more central visual area MT+, where responses to ignored visual stimuli were weaker when attending to an auditory stimulus. Furthermore, fMRI responses to the same ignored visual information depended on the location of the auditory stimulus, with stronger responses when the attended auditory stimulus shared the same side of space as the ignored visual stimulus. In early auditory cortex, responses to ignored auditory stimuli were weaker when attending a visual stimulus. A simple parameterization of our data can describe the effects of redirecting attention across space within the same modality (spatial attention) or across modalities (cross-modal attention), and the influence of spatial attention across modalities (cross-modal spatial attention). Our results suggest that the representation of unattended information depends on whether attention is directed to another stimulus in the same modality or the same region of space.

Detection performance for short visual stimuli depends on the duration of co-occuring auditory stimuli

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Roberto Cecere ◽  
Benjamin De Haas ◽  
Harriett Cullen ◽  
Jon Driver ◽  
Vincenzo Romei
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Sound Duration ◽  
Perceived Duration

There is converging evidence that the duration of an auditory event can affect the perceived duration of a co-occurring visual event. When a brief visual stimulus is accompanied by a longer auditory stimulus, the perceived visual duration stretches. If this reflects a genuine sustain of visual stimulus perception, it should result in enhanced perception of non-temporal visual stimulus qualities. To test this hypothesis, in a temporal two-alternative forced choice task, 28 participants were asked to indicate whether a short (∼24 ms), peri-threshold, visual stimulus was presented in the first or in the second of two consecutive displays. Each display was accompanied by a sound of equal or longer duration (36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 190 ms) than the visual stimulus. As a control condition, visual stimuli of different durations (matching auditory stimulus durations) were presented alone. We predicted that visual detection can improve as a function of sound duration. Moreover, if the expected cross-modal effect reflects sustained visual perception it should positively correlate with the improvement observed for genuinely longer visual stimuli. Results showed that detection sensitivity (d′) for the 24 ms visual stimulus was significantly enhanced when paired with longer auditory stimuli ranging from 60 to 96 ms duration. The visual detection performance dropped to baseline levels with 190 ms sounds. Crucially, the enhancement for auditory durations 60–96 ms significantly correlates with the d′ enhancement for visual stimuli lasting 60–96 ms in the control condition. We conclude that the duration of co-occurring auditory stimuli not only influences the perceived duration of visual stimuli but reflects a genuine sustain in visual perception.

Individual Differences in Auditory Reaction Time and Loudness Estimation

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1089-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Reason
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Stimulus Range ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
The Mean

Three measures were computed for each of 32 undergraduate Ss: (1) the rate at which simple RTs to auditory stimuli decrease with sound-intensity, (2) the rate at which numerical estimates of loudness increase over the same stimulus range, (3) the mean of 60 RTs to a 70-db auditory stimulus. A significant rho of .45 was found between the slopes of the RT and loudness functions, but neither slope value was significantly related to the mean RT.

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