EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTERVAL SPEED TRAINING ON ATHLETE REACTION

ABSTRACT Introduction: High-intensity Intermittent Training (HIIT) ranked first in the ACSM “2013 Global Training Methodology Survey”. Objective: To explore the influence of different speed training intervals on athlete reaction speed. Methods: Sixteen male bicycle athletes were randomly divided into two groups. The two groups then completed a six-week training routine (NT). The two groups then completed a six-week training routine , started 6 weeks of Sprint Interval Training (SIT) (a total of 12 lessons), with SIT instead of Normal Training (NT) live endurance training, and another training remains unchanged. Results: After 6 weeks of NT, Pmax GXT in the CG and DG groups decreased by 0.7% and 1.7%, respectively,as compared to the pre-training numbers. The difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). And after 6 weeks of SIT, Pmax GXT increased significantly (P<0.05) in both experimental groupss,with increases of 9.2% and 10.2% for the CG and DG groups, respectively. Conclusions: The results show that intermittent training can effectively improve the aerobic metabolism of short-haul cyclists. As the power bicycle load and the training intensity and volume of the deceleration intermittent training program increase, the more significant the changes in aerobic capacity that can result in adaptability. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

ANALYSIS OF TRAINING METHOD OF TAEKWONDO ATHLETES WITH REACTION BALL

ABSTRACT Introduction: Brief introduction: Taekwondo is a sport that integrates explosive power and reaction speed. The reaction speed of the athletes has a direct bearing on the result of the competition. Objective: To improve the reaction time effect of athletes. Methods: Forty-one Taekwondo team athletes were selected as the research subjects. Then, the training methods were introduced, and special technology using an emg tester and a synchronous camera system was implemented to analyze the earliest emg signals and the moment of the hit, the time from signal emergence to the emg reaction for reaction time, and from signal emergence to hit for the total time. Results: The average score of the 41 athletes before the test was 0.282673,with standard deviation of 0.0377349 and standard error of 0.0058932. The average score, standard deviation, and standard error of the 41 athletes after small training were 0.28217, 0.037744 and 0.005895. Conclusions: From the test results of the three training modes, the small training mode had a significant impact on the reaction time of Taekwondo athletes, while the medium and large training modes did not have significant effects. The results show that a small amount of training is best and plays a significant role in improving the reaction of an athlete. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Testing the visual-motor coordination and reaction speed in children aged between 10–14 years old

The present study aimed to debate a topic less addressed by most people, which involved research on a group of 20 students from rural areas, aged 10–14 years, which consists of performing two tests, namely the Ruler drop test and the Hand-eye coordination test, which aims at the reaction speed of the dominant and non-dominant hand and also the hand-eye coordination capacity of the subjects. The paper aimed to identify whether somatic factors and age influence the results of the group. In order to perform the two tests, it was necessary, for the beginning, information related to the study group, information on weight, age, height, dominant hand, respectively dominant eye. These represented the point of interest of the research, being reported individually to the test results, thus constituting the study basis of statistics. After obtaining the results, we concluded that a significant significance is encountered when comparing the dominant hand with the non-dominant one, obtaining a positive value for the dominant hand. At the same time, we interpreted after the research that females tend to have a much faster reaction speed, more significant than the males when it comes to using the non-dominant hand. The hypothesis was confirmed, with differences in somatic factors’ influence, but the others do not show significant values except those stated above. In addition to the practical part, the research involves an interesting theoretical foundation being reached aspects related to proprioception, coordination, speed, ways of using tests, and the opinion of other researchers who have conducted similar studies.

Development of Electronic Soccer Goalkeeper Reaction Speed Training Equipment 2020

This study aims to determine the feasibility of the 2020 Electronic Football Goalkeeper Reaction Speed Training Tool. This research method is a type of Research and Development (R&D). The subjects of this research were taken from SSB Perstas, SSB Kwarta, and SSB Cakra. Development of the Electronic-Based Soccer Goalkeeper Reaction Training Tool for 2020 has been made and validated by 4 experts, namely Equipment, Electronics, Coach, and Sports. The results of the small group test involving 9 goalkeepers from SSB Perstas, SSB Patmi 50, and SSB Cakra, show that the goalkeeper reaction speed training tool meets the criteria to be continued in large group trials with a percentage of 84 - 100%. The results of the large group test involving 15 goalkeepers from SSB Perstas, SSB Patmi 50, SSB Cakra SSB Kwarta and SSB Gumarang, showed that the goalkeeper reaction speed training tool met the criteria to be continued into mass production with a percentage of 82-100%. It can be concluded that the development of a football goalkeeper reaction speed tool can be categorized as "very good" with the meaning "feasible” and usable.

DYNAMICS OF COOPERATIVE REACTIONS BASED ON CHEMICAL KINETICS WITH REACTION SPEED: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH SINGULAR AND NONSINGULAR KERNELS

Chemical processes are constantly occurring in all existing creatures, and most of them contain proteins that are enzymes and perform as catalysts. To understand the dynamics of such phenomena, mathematical modeling is a powerful tool of study. This study is carried out for the dynamics of cooperative phenomenon based on chemical kinetics. Observations indicate that fractional models are more practical to describe complex systems’ dynamics, such as recording the memory in partial and full domains of particular operations. Therefore, this model is modeled in terms of classical-order-coupled nonlinear ODEs. Then the classical model is generalized with two different fractional operators of Caputo and Atangana–Baleanu in a Caputo sense. Some fundamental theoretical analysis for both the fractional models is also made. Reaction speeds for the extreme cases of positive/negative and no cooperation are also calculated. The graphical solutions are achieved via numerical schemes, and the simulations for both the models are carried out through the computational software MATLAB. It is observed that both the fractional models of Caputo and Atangana–Baleanu give identical results for integer order, i.e. [Formula: see text]. By decreasing the fractional parameters, the concentration profile of the substrate [Formula: see text] takes more time to vanish. Moreover, binding of first substrate increases the reaction rate at another binding site in the case of extreme positive cooperation, while the opposite effect is noticed for the case of negative cooperativity. Furthermore, the effects of other parameters on concentration profiles of different species are shown graphically and discussed physically.

Does the Capital Market Opening Improve the Price Discovery Efficiency of Stock Market? An Empirical Research Based on Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect

Whether capital market opening improves the price discovery efficiency of stock market is an important issue. Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect (hereafter, SHKSC) is a milestone event in the opening up of China’s capital market. Based on SHKSC, using the method of PSM + DID, we study the impact of capital market opening on the price discovery efficiency from two dimensions-stock price information content and price reaction speed to information. Our research shows that capital market opening did not increase stock price information content, but speed up the reaction of price to information. Therefore, capital market opening improves capital market’s price discovery efficiency in terms of response speed of stock price to information. Further analysis shows that capital market opening affects stock price reaction speed through improving market information environment and reducing insider trading, but it has not yet had a substantial impact on listed companies’ earnings quality, which is the main participant in the capital market, and therefore has failed to influence the stock price information content. In order to maximize the effectiveness of capital market opening, it is necessary to introduce more effective policies to improve the information disclosure quality of listed firms and reduce the level of insider trading.

Mathematical model simulation of the reaction process between 2,4,6-trinitrotoluen and hydroxyl radio in water environment

In this study, the author formulated the equation that describes the reaction rate (mathematical modelling) of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluen and hydroxyl radical (OH*) of v = 4.3×108×[CTNT]1.1×[COH*]3.2 and mathematical simulation for the reaction process of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluen and OH* radical. The simulation results showed a decrease in concentration [CTNT] and a reaction rate proportional to each other; during the first 0-30 minutes of the reaction, the reaction speed is very fast. From the experimental results, the authors also determined that the 2,4,6-trinitrotoluen treatment performance in wastewater of the nonthermal plasma model reached >99% when increasing the treatment time to 120 minutes.

Auditory Information Accelerates the Visuomotor Reaction Speed of Elite Badminton Players in Multisensory Environments

Although vision is the dominating sensory system in sports, many situations require multisensory integration. Faster processing of auditory information in the brain may facilitate time-critical abilities such as reaction speed however previous research was limited by generic auditory and visual stimuli that did not consider audio-visual characteristics in ecologically valid environments. This study investigated the reaction speed in response to sport-specific monosensory (visual and auditory) and multisensory (audio-visual) stimulation. Neurophysiological analyses identified the neural processes contributing to differences in reaction speed. Nineteen elite badminton players participated in this study. In a first recording phase, the sound profile and shuttle speed of smash and drop strokes were identified on a badminton court using high-speed video cameras and binaural recordings. The speed and sound characteristics were transferred into auditory and visual stimuli and presented in a lab-based experiment, where participants reacted in response to sport-specific monosensory or multisensory stimulation. Auditory signal presentation was delayed by 26 ms to account for realistic audio-visual signal interaction on the court. N1 and N2 event-related potentials as indicators of auditory and visual information perception/processing, respectively were identified using a 64-channel EEG. Despite the 26 ms delay, auditory reactions were significantly faster than visual reactions (236.6 ms vs. 287.7 ms, p &lt; 0.001) but still slower when compared to multisensory stimulation (224.4 ms, p = 0.002). Across conditions response times to smashes were faster when compared to drops (233.2 ms, 265.9 ms, p &lt; 0.001). Faster reactions were paralleled by a lower latency and higher amplitude of the auditory N1 and visual N2 potentials. The results emphasize the potential of auditory information to accelerate the reaction time in sport-specific multisensory situations. This highlights auditory processes as a promising target for training interventions in racquet sports.

PENGEMBANGAN VARIASI LATIHAN KECEPATAN REAKSI PENJAGA GAWANG FUTSAL

This study aims to develop a form of reaction speed training variation in the futsal game in 2021. The population in this study were all SKP Fc goalkeeper athletes, Amir Hamzah, and Bersama Fs. The form of the small group variation that has been made is validated by 3 experts, 1 futsal coach, 1 expert in sports, and 1 expert in language, where the percentage of validity is 58%-97% taken from the smallest to the largest percentage value of the overall results. The method used is the research and development (R&D) method. The form of the large group variation that has been made is validated by 3 experts, 1 futsal coach, 1 expert in sports, and 1 expert in language, where the percentage of validity is 86%-97% taken from the smallest to the largest percentage value of the overall results. The method used is the research and development (R&D) method. The results of the small group test involving 6 futsal goalkeeper athletes SKP Fc and Amir Hamzah showed that the 20 variations of the exercise had met the appropriate criteria. The percentage of validity of the questionnaire that has been distributed to the sample shows that 77%-96% is taken from the smallest to the largest percentage value of the overall results. The results of the large group test of 14 futsal goalkeeper athletes SKP Fc, Amir Hamzah, and Bersama Fs showed that the 20 variations of the exercise had met the criteria for use. The percentage of validity of the questionnaire that has been distributed to the sample shows that 84%-96% is taken from the smallest to the largest percentage value of the overall results. It can be concluded that the 20 models of exercise variations are good for increasing the ability and reaction speed of futsal goalkeepers and interesting exercises, because they are very important in training so that these exercises do not.

The Regulating Effect of Entrepreneurial Alertness on Maker's Online Social Motivation

To explore the regulating effect of entrepreneurial alertness on the motivation of makers to use online social network. It is found that high entrepreneurial alertness can improve the sensitivity of information seeking motivation and the perception and reaction speed of external environment changes, so as to adjust the team structure and development strategy more quickly, gain competitive advantage and succeed in financing entrepreneurial projects; with high entrepreneurial alertness, makers will treat emotional motivation factors more rationally and weaken the negative effects of personal emotional motivation on financing of entrepreneurial projects. At the same time, high entrepreneurial alertness will help makers to learn forward-looking knowledge and business, and promote entrepreneurial projects to obtain leading time and fruitful innovation.