Delayed Auditory Feedback Vocal Intensity Changes in Schizophrenia

When speech processes are interfered with by the technique known as Delayed Auditory Feedback (D.A.F.) various disturbances result (Lee, 1950, 1951). These have been intensively investigated and have been found to depend upon the delay and amplification of the feedback (Black, 1951) and upon personality factors (Beaumont and Foss, 1957; Spilka, 1954). These differences have been shown to extend into psychiatric diagnoses (Goldfarb and Braunstein, 1958; Spear, 1963) and it has been possible to demonstrate that schizophrenic patients show less increase in vocal intensity under conditions of D.A.F. than do other psychiatric patients and normal subjects. It was thought worth while to investigate this difference further, using a slightly more refined method of measurement of the parameter under consideration and to seek clinical correlations with the findings.

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Delayed Auditory Feedback Some Effects on the Speech of Psychiatric Patients

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.109.459.235 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 109 (459) ◽

pp. 235-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

F. G. Spear

Keyword(s):

Individual Variation ◽

Auditory Feedback ◽

Psychiatric Patients ◽

Bone Conduction ◽

Intensity Variation ◽

Technical Process ◽

Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽

Vocal Intensity ◽

Considerable Individual Variation

Delayed Auditory Feedback (D.A.F.), sometimes known as delayed side-tone, is the name given to the technical process in which a subject's speech is recorded, delayed, amplified and returned to his ears through a headphone at such power as to prevent him hearing it through the normal channels of direct air and bone conduction. This process has been found to produce marked disturbance of speech, the main changes found being the production of an artificial stutter, marked slowing of speech, increase in loudness of speech and development of a flatness of intonation or decrease in vocal intensity variation (Lee, 1950/1951). The slowing and increase in intensity have been found by Black (1951) to be related to the variation in delay and amplification, but even when these factors are held constant there is considerable individual variation in the response to D.A.F.

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Delayed Auditory Feedback with Different Delay Times at Each Ear

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.0704.369 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 369-371

Author(s):

Samuel Fillenbaum

Keyword(s):

Delay Interval ◽

Auditory Feedback ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽

Delay Times

Binaurally asynchronous delayed auditory feedback (DAF) was compared with synchronous DAF in 80 normal subjects. Asynchronous DAF (0.10 sec difference) did not yield results different from those obtained under synchronous DAF with a 0.20 sec delay interval, an interval characteristically resulting in maximum disruptions in speech.

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What Have Cognitive Deficits to do with Schizophrenic Symptoms?

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.130.2.167 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 130 (2) ◽

pp. 167-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

D. R. Hemsley

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Information Overload ◽

Response Selection ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Personality Factors ◽

Individual Change ◽

Chronic Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Cognitive Disturbance

SummaryThis paper considers possible relationships between cognitive deficits and symptomatology in schizophrenia. It is argued that a combination of defective filtering and slowness in response selection results in a state of information overload in acute schizophrenia. The methods by which normal subjects adapt to experimenter-induced overload may therefore be relevant to aspects of schizophrenic behaviour. The considerable intra- and inter-subject variability in symptomatology of schizophrenic patients may represent differing adaptations to similar cognitive disturbance, such secondary abnormalities being prominent in chronic patients. Sections of the literature on acute-chronic differences are consistent with such a formulation, although one cannot infer intra-individual change from cross-sectional studies; there is a clear need for longitudinal investigations in this area. The preferred method of adaptation will be dependent on the severity of overload, the environment, and personality factors independent of the psychosis. The implications for the modification of schizophrenics' behavioural abnormalities by operant procedures are discussed.

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DAF as Instrumental Treatment for Dysarthria in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders ◽

10.1044/jshd.4502.268 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 268-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Wayne R. Hanson ◽

E. Jeffry Metter

Keyword(s):

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ◽

Auditory Feedback ◽

Speech Intelligibility ◽

Speech Rate ◽

Communication Disorders ◽

Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽

Rate Intensity ◽

The Subject ◽

Vocal Intensity

In this case study, a 59-year-old male with progressive supranuclear palsy and hypokinetic dysarthria wore a small, solid state, battery operated, delayed auditory feedback device to reduce speech rate and to aid speech intelligibility. Time series measurements were made from tape recordings taken at the beginning of treatment and again after three months of daily wearing of the device. Measures of speech rate, intensity, and overall intelligibility indicate that when the instrument is worn, the subject's speech is slowed, vocal intensity increases, and intelligibility is markedly improved. The subject and his family report satisfaction with the instrument. The application of delayed auditory feedback to the treatment of communication disorders is discussed.

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Parameters of Auditory Feedback

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.2503.473 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 473-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Gerald M. Siegel ◽

Edward J. Schork ◽

Herbert L. Pick ◽

Sharon R. Garber

Keyword(s):

Auditory Feedback ◽

Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽

Vocal Intensity

Adult speakers participated in three feedback conditions: Lombard, sidetone amplification, and delayed auditory feedback (DAF). All the procedures affected vocal intensity significantly, but only DAF caused changes in syllable rate. The three conditions did not provide equivalent data. Performance on any one of the feedback procedures was not predictive of performance on the others. Generalizations concerning auditory feedback must, therefore, take account of the particular method used and the parameter of speech studied.

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Effects of Noise and Increased Vocal Intensity on Stuttering

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.2002.233 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 233-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Sharon F. Garber ◽

Richard R. Martin

Keyword(s):

Normal Level ◽

Auditory Feedback ◽

Concomitant Increase ◽

Vocal Intensity ◽

Presence And Absence

The present study was designed to assess the effects of increased vocal level on stuttering in the presence and absence of noise, and to assess the effects of noise on stuttering with and without a concomitant increase in vocal level. Accordingly, eight adult stutterers spoke in quiet with normal vocal level, in quiet with increased vocal level, in noise with normal level, and in noise with increased level. All subjects reduced stuttering in noise compared with quiet conditions. However, there was no difference in stuttering when subjects spoke with normal compared with increased vocal level. In the present study, reductions in stuttering under noise could not be explained by increases in vocal level. It appears, instead, that reductions in stuttering were related to a decrease in auditory feedback. The condition which resulted in the largest decrease in auditory feedback, speaking in noise with a normal level, also resulted in the largest decrease in stuttering.

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The self and schizophrenia: a cognitive approach

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.62.1.45 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 45-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marek Nieznanski

Keyword(s):

Normal Subjects ◽

Control Group ◽

Cognitive Approach ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Self Schema ◽

Persons With Schizophrenia ◽

Basic Features ◽

Trait Words ◽

Patients Experience ◽

Normal Controls

The aim of the study was to explore the basic features of self-schema in persons with schizophrenia. Thirty two schizophrenic patients and 32 normal controls were asked to select personality trait words from a check-list that described themselves, themselves as they were five years ago, and what most people are like. Compared with the control group, participants from the experimental group chose significantly more adjectives that were common to descriptions of self and others, and significantly less that were common to self and past-self descriptions. These results suggest that schizophrenic patients experience their personality as changing over time much more than do healthy subjects. Moreover, their self-representation seems to be less differentiated from others-representation and less clearly defined than in normal subjects.

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Effects of delayed auditory feedback on immediate and delayed recall and recognition.

Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1037/h0025387 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 76 (2, Pt.1) ◽

pp. 273-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Charles H. Williams ◽

Gerald Frincke

Keyword(s):

Auditory Feedback ◽

Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽

Delayed Recall

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Gene Frequency of CYP2D64 and 10 Variants in Karachi Population

Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine ◽

10.2174/1875692117999201014162804 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Tamkeen Fatima ◽

Farah Zeb ◽

A. Dar Farooq

Keyword(s):

Antipsychotic Drugs ◽

Screening Program ◽

Restriction Enzymes ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Control Group ◽

Poor Metabolizer ◽

Cyp2d6 Polymorphism ◽

Wild Allele ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Intermediate Metabolizer

Background: CYP2D6 is to be considered the most pronounced gene in pharmacegenetic field which is involved in metabolizing ~25% of all clinically used neuroleptic drugs and other antidepressants. We designed a study to evaluate differential expression of CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*10 variants which are very prevalent in Asian countries and exhibit variation in drug metabolizing ability that affect therapeutic responses. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the genotypic frequencies of CYP2D6 *1 (normal metabolizer), *4 (poor metabolizer) and *10 (intermediate metabolizer) variants among schizophrenic subjects and compared with control group from a sub-set of Karachi population. Method: Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA ) was extracted and amplified with CYP2D6*4 and *10 primers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested by Bacillus stereothermophilus (BstN1) and Hemophilus parahemolyticus (Hph1) restriction enzymes. The digested bands were identified as wild type or mutants and their genotypic frequencies were estimated statistically by Hardy-Weinberg equation (HWE) and analyzed further under non-parametric Chi-square test. Results: The results mentioned the frequencies of CYP2D6*1 wild allele (57%) which produces functional enzyme in normal subjects but CYP2D6*4 variant (9%) that produces non-functional enzyme and CYP2D6*10 allele (70%) produces altered enzyme with reduced activity that was most prevalent in schizophrenic patients. Conclusion : Genotyping of CYP2D6 alleles among schizophrenic patients indicated prevalence of *4 and *10 variants in Karachi population producing non-functional and reduced functional drugs metabolizing enzymes respectively that increases the incurability rate of schizophrenia. Therefore, CYP2D6 gene screening program should be conducted routinely in clinical practice to help clinicians to prescribing appropriate doses according to patient’s genotype and minimize the sufferings of schizophrenia. Discussion: In last, drug response is a complex phenomenon that is dependent on genetic and environmental factors. CYP2D6 polymorphism may un-cured the schizophrenia due to improper drug metabolism and protein-proteins interaction that may alter the antipsychotic drugs metabolism among patients with variable drug resposes. Gene testing system need to establish for analyzing maximum patient’s genotypes predicted with poor metabolizer, intermediate metabolizer and ultrarapid metabolizer for the adjustment of antipsychotic drugs.

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