Intravenous Tranquillization with ECT

1975 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 604-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Gomez ◽  
Peter Dally
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Convulsive Therapy ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Retrograde Memory ◽  
High Level ◽  
Electro Convulsive Therapy

SummaryForty depressed in-patients for whom electro-convulsive therapy had been prescribed were rated before treatment on depression and anxiety scales. Side effects, post-operative agitation and retrograde memory impairment were assessed in each patient after each of several treatments. Results were compared when no tranquillizer was given and when either diazepam or haloperidol was administered intravenously immediately before the anaesthetic. It was found than when ECT was given without tranquillization, the incidence and severity of post-operative agitation and of side effects were significantly greater in those patients with a high level of anxiety before treatment. Both diazepam and haloperidol were found to be effective in subduing agitation and side effects in anxious, depressed patients, but with diazepam recovery time was longer.

Adrenocortical Responsiveness during Courses of Electro-convulsive Therapy

1969 ◽  
Vol 115 (522) ◽  
pp. 575-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Elithorn ◽  
P. K. Bridges ◽  
J. R. Hodges ◽  
M. T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Close Similarity ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Convulsive Therapy ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Electro Convulsive Therapy

In a previous paper (Hodges, Jones, Elithorn and Bridges, 1964) we reported on adrenocortical activity in depressed and schizophrenic patients as revealed by plasma cortisol levels before and after electro-convulsive therapy (E.C.T.). Close similarity was found between the two groups except for three depressed patients who appeared to show considerably higher cortisol levels after the treatment than did the remaining subjects. The patients were examined at random different treatments during the whole treatment course and it appeared possible, both that the observed cortisol response to E.C.T. might depend partly on which treatment of the series in a whole course was under examination, and also that the response of the illness to therapy might be a significant factor. It was therefore decided to observe in a number of subjects the response to successive treatments throughout courses of E.C.T.

To the Editor

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1321-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAX FINK
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Community Hospitals ◽  
Convulsive Therapy ◽  
Electro Convulsive Therapy

In analysing the results of a survey of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) practice in Metropolitan New York community hospitals in 1997, Prudic et al. (2001) focus their attention on the psychological side-effects of ECT, and in so doing, ignore the reasons why ECT is given.

Palmar Digital Sweating in Women Suffering from Depression

1966 ◽  
Vol 112 (493) ◽  
pp. 1251-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Bagg ◽  
T. G. Crookes
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Convulsive Therapy ◽  
Preliminary Trial ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Electro Convulsive Therapy ◽  
Active Sweat Glands

This investigation began as an attempt to measure the anxiety shown by patients while awaiting electro-convulsive therapy. One measure used was an assessment of the degree of palmar digital sweating, using the plastic paint technique described by MacKinnon (1963). This is a method by which the number of active sweat glands in a given area at a given time can be counted. In a preliminary trial, the effect on sweating of waiting for E.C.T. was equivocal, but there seemed to be an increase in sweating in depressed patients as their clinical condition improved. In the main trial, therefore, the emphasis was placed on differences in sweating of depressed patients when ill and recovered, though the reading in the E.C.T. waiting-room was retained.

A clinical comparison of phenelzine and electro-convulsive therapy in the treatment of depressive illness

1962 ◽  
Vol 108 (456) ◽  
pp. 708-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Stanley ◽  
H. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Amine Oxidase ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Convulsive Therapy ◽  
Clinical Comparison ◽  
Electro Convulsive Therapy

The mono-amine oxidase inhibitors, of which phenelzine (“Nardil”) is one example, were introduced for the treatment of depressive illness as a result of the observation that iproniazid, which is a mono-amine oxidase inhibitor, produced euphoria and increased mental alertness in some tuberculous patients to whom it was given. Trials of iproniazid in mental illness were carried out (Loomer et al., 1957; Cesarman, 1959), but it was found to be very liable to give rise to side-effects, being particularly toxic to the liver. Other less toxic mono-amine oxidase inhibitors such as phenelzine, which is chemically related to iproniazid, were later developed.

Electroconvulsive Therapy and Depression

1965 ◽  
Vol 111 (477) ◽  
pp. 687-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mendels
Keyword(s):  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Convulsive Therapy ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Electro Convulsive Therapy ◽  
Selection Of

After 25 years there is still considerable disagreement surrounding the indications for electro-convulsive therapy (E.C.T.). This is a particular problem in the treatment of depression, both because of the controversy over the division of depression into endogenous and reactive illnesses and because of the increasing use of the antidepressant drugs. These drugs will induce a remission in many patients, and will alter the clinical picture in others. As their use becomes still more widespread (Freyhan (1) has recommended that intensive imipramine treatment should be tried routinely before E.C.T. in all depressed patients) there may be further difficulties in the selection of depressed patients likely to respond well to E.C.T. Furthermore several recent reviews draw attention to a reduction in the use of E.C.T., and the lack of a consistent rationale for its use (2–4).

scholarly journals Time Granularity Impact on Propagation of Disruptions in a System-of-Systems Simulation of Infrastructure and Business Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3922
Author(s):  
Mateusz Iwo Dubaniowski ◽  
Hans Rudolf Heinimann
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
System Of Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Business Networks ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
High Level ◽  
Systems Simulation ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

A system-of-systems (SoS) approach is often used for simulating disruptions to business and infrastructure system networks allowing for integration of several models into one simulation. However, the integration is frequently challenging as each system is designed individually with different characteristics, such as time granularity. Understanding the impact of time granularity on propagation of disruptions between businesses and infrastructure systems and finding the appropriate granularity for the SoS simulation remain as major challenges. To tackle these, we explore how time granularity, recovery time, and disruption size affect the propagation of disruptions between constituent systems of an SoS simulation. To address this issue, we developed a high level architecture (HLA) simulation of three networks and performed a series of simulation experiments. Our results revealed that time granularity and especially recovery time have huge impact on propagation of disruptions. Consequently, we developed a model for selecting an appropriate time granularity for an SoS simulation based on expected recovery time. Our simulation experiments show that time granularity should be less than 1.13 of expected recovery time. We identified some areas for future research centered around extending the experimental factors space.

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