Abstract
The influences of mineralogy on rock mechanical properties have profound application in oil and gas exploration and production processes, including hydraulic fracturing operations. In conventional resources, the rock mechanical properties are predominantly controlled by porosity; however, in unconventional tight formations, the importance of mineralogy as a function of rock mechanical properties has not been fully investigated.
In unconventional tight formations, mechanical properties are often derived from mineralogy weight fraction together with the best estimate of porosity, assumption of fluid types, the extent of pore fillings, and fluid properties. These properties are then adjusted for their volumetric fractions and subsequently calibrated with acoustics or geomechanical lab measurements. A new method is presented that utilizes mineralogy weight fractions (determined from well logs or laboratory measurements). This process uses public domain information of minerals using Voigt and Reuss averaging algorithms as upper and lower bounds, respectively. An average of these bounds (also known as Hill average) provides a representative value for these parameters. Further, based on isotropic conditions, all the elastic properties are calculated.
A typical output consisting of bulk-, shear-, and Young's - modulus, together with Poisson's ratio obtained from traditional methods of volume fractions and this new method using weight fractions is discussed and analyzed along with the sensitivity and the trends for individual rock properties. Furthermore, corresponding strengths, hardness, and fracture toughness could also be estimated using well known public domain algorithms.
Data from carbonate reservoirs has been discussed in this work. This method shows how to estimate grain compressibility that can be challenging to be measured in the lab for unconventional tight rock samples. In low-porosity samples, the relative influence of porosity is negligible compared to the mineralogy composition. This approach reduces several assumptions and uncertainties associated with accurate porosity determination in tight rocks as it does not require the amount of pore fluids and fluid properties in calculations. The grain-compressibility and bulk-compressibility (measured by hydrostatic tests in the laboratory on core plugs or calculated from density and cross-dipole log) are used to calculate poroelastic Biot's coefficient, as this coefficient will be used to calculate in-situ principal effective stresses (overburden, minimum horizontal, and maximum horizontal stresses), which are, together with rock properties and pore pressure, constitutes the geomechanical model. The geomechanical model is used for drilling, completions, and hydraulic fracture modeling, including wellbore stability, and reservoir integrity analyses.
Structural Characterization of Rocks Using the X-ray Microtomography Technique
