Between academy and practice: Adriano Galli and the prestressed water bridge over the Casilina in Mignano Montelungo (1954)

2021 ◽  
pp. 578-585
Author(s):  
L. Grieco ◽  
M.G. D’Amelio
Keyword(s):  
Water Bridge

scholarly journals Electrically Induced Liquid–Liquid Phase Transition in a Floating Water Bridge Identified by Refractive Index Variations

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 602
Author(s):  
Elmar C. Fuchs ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger ◽  
Adam D. Wexler ◽  
Rene Pecnik ◽  
Giuseppe Vitiello
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Resonance Effect ◽  
Water Bridge ◽  
Liquid Phase Transition ◽  
Light Passing ◽  
Floating Water Bridge ◽  
Set Up

A horizontal electrohydrodynamic (EHD) liquid bridge (also known as a “floating water bridge”) is a phenomenon that forms when high voltage DC (kV·cm−1) is applied to pure water in two separate beakers. The bridge, a free-floating connection between the beakers, acts as a cylindrical lens and refracts light. Using an interferometric set-up with a line pattern placed in the background of the bridge, the light passing through is split into a horizontally and a vertically polarized component which are both projected into the image space in front of the bridge with a small vertical offset (shear). Apart from a 100 Hz waviness due to a resonance effect between the power supply and vortical structures at the onset of the bridge, spikes with an increased refractive index moving through the bridge were observed. These spikes can be explained by an electrically induced liquid–liquid phase transition in which the vibrational modes of the water molecules couple coherently.

Nanometer-Sized Water Bridge and Pull-Off Force in AFM at Different Relative Humidities: Reproducibility Measurement and Model Based on Surface Tension Change

2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Bartošík ◽  
Lukáš Kormoš ◽  
Lukáš Flajšman ◽  
Radek Kalousek ◽  
Jindřich Mach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Bridge ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Tension Change ◽  
Surface Tension Change

Reinforcing a water bridge in a disjoint nanochannel

2020 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 20003
Author(s):  
X. W. Meng ◽  
Y. Li ◽  
L. Shen ◽  
X. Q. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Bridge

Neutron scattering of a floating heavy water bridge

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 065502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmar C Fuchs ◽  
Brigitte Bitschnau ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger ◽  
Eugen Maier ◽  
Brigitte Beuneu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Scattering ◽  
Heavy Water ◽  
Water Bridge

Temperature-Dependence of Water Bridge Formation in Atomic Force Microscopy

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent A. Nelson ◽  
Mark A. Poggi ◽  
Lawrence A. Bottomley ◽  
William P. King
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Capillary Condensation ◽  
Heated Surface ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Water Bridge ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Localized Heating ◽  
Low Humidity

When an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is operated in air, capillary condensation induces meniscus formation between the AFM tip and substrate. At present, no models account for the temperature-dependence of meniscus formation. This paper describes experiments measuring capillary forces between an AFM tip and mica at various temperatures and times. At low humidity, the capillary force decreases with increasing surface temperature in a manner unaccounted for by merely the dependence of water surface energy on temperature. We propose that this is due to water evaporation off the heated surface. The adhesion is also shown to decrease significantly with time until stabilizing after approximately an hour of experiments. Localized heating of the surface by the AFM laser is proposed as the cause of adhesion decrease. The decrease in force occurring at high surface temperatures implies a reduction in meniscus size that may potentially improve the resolution of AFM-based nanolithography techniques.

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