Processes in Complex Team Problem-solving: Parsing and Defining the Theoretical Problem Space

2017 ◽  
pp. 143-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Fiore ◽  
Michael Rosen ◽  
Eduardo Salas ◽  
Shawn Burke ◽  
Florian Jentsch
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Problem Space

Moving to Solution

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Werner ◽  
M. Raab
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Arm Swing ◽  
String Problem ◽  
Problem Solving Process ◽  
Problem Solving Task ◽  
Bodily Movements

Embodied cognition theories suggest a link between bodily movements and cognitive functions. Given such a link, it is assumed that movement influences the two main stages of problem solving: creating a problem space and creating solutions. This study explores how specific the link between bodily movements and the problem-solving process is. Seventy-two participants were tested with variations of the two-string problem (Experiment 1) and the water-jar problem (Experiment 2), allowing for two possible solutions. In Experiment 1 participants were primed with arm-swing movements (swing group) and step movements on a chair (step group). In Experiment 2 participants sat in front of three jars with glass marbles and had to sort these marbles from the outer jars to the middle one (plus group) or vice versa (minus group). Results showed more swing-like solutions in the swing group and more step-like solutions in the step group, and more addition solutions in the plus group and more subtraction solutions in the minus group. This specificity of the connection between movement and problem-solving task will allow further experiments to investigate how bodily movements influence the stages of problem solving.

scholarly journals Insight and Search in Katona’s Five-Square Problem

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Öllinger ◽  
Gary Jones ◽  
Günther Knoblich
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Problem Representation ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Insight Problem ◽  
Insight Problem Solving ◽  
Representational Change ◽  
Human Thinking

Insights are often productive outcomes of human thinking. We provide a cognitive model that explains insight problem solving by the interplay of problem space search and representational change, whereby the problem space is constrained or relaxed based on the problem representation. By introducing different experimental conditions that either constrained the initial search space or helped solvers to initiate a representational change, we investigated the interplay of problem space search and representational change in Katona’s five-square problem. Testing 168 participants, we demonstrated that independent hints relating to the initial search space and to representational change had little effect on solution rates. However, providing both hints caused a significant increase in solution rates. Our results show the interplay between problem space search and representational change in insight problem solving: The initial problem space can be so large that people fail to encounter impasse, but even when representational change is achieved the resulting problem space can still provide a major obstacle to finding the solution.

Sex Differences in Scores on the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 839-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albertina A. Weinlander
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
College Women ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
College Men ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Rorschach Test

Evidence suggests that men are superior to women in analytical and problem-solving abilities. Data for 10 Structured-Objective Rorschach Test scores were obtained for 44 college men and 89 college women. The results indicated that: (a) men were superior to women in Theoretical ( W) and Original ( O) attributes ( p = .05); (b) women were superior to men in the control of energy, Activity Potential (M) factor ( p = .001), but they could not use this ability as effectively as men in theoretical problem-solving, although the men demonstrated a higher level of anxiety.

scholarly journals Penerapan Metode Best First Search Pada Permainan Tic Tac Toe

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Harvei Desmon Hutahaean
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
State Space ◽  
Directed Graph ◽  
The State ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Goal State ◽  
Best First Search ◽  
Problem Solving Behavior

Search is the process of finding solutions in a problem until a solution or goal is found, or a movement in the state-space to search for trajectories from initial-state to goal-state. In a TIC TAC Toe game the process of finding a space situation is not enough to automate problem-solving behavior, in each of these situations there are only a limited number of choices that a player can make. The problems that will be faced can be solved by searching from the choices available, supported by the usual way of resolving. Best First Search works by searching for a directed graph which each node represents a point in a problem space.

Characterization of Problem Solving in Audiology

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Tharpe ◽  
Gautam Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Solution Process ◽  
Diagnostic Problem ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Diagnostic Skills ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Problem Solving ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Set Up

Characterizing diagnostic problem solving by students, intermediates, and experts may facilitate an understanding of how to help students attain required diagnostic skills. Studies in other specialties characterize experts as spending more time and effort in understanding a problem before they begin to solve it. That is, at the beginning of a problemsolving episode, experts work to limit the problem space. On the other hand, novices often plunge immediately into the solution process. In order to learn more about diagnostic problem-solving in audiology, a computer-based environment, Simon Says ©, was used to assist in the collection of problem-solving data. The results of two experiments revealed that accurate diagnosis in audiology appears to be related to the ability to set up patient problem contexts by analyzing presenting symptoms and history information and using the more focused context to interpret test data.

scholarly journals Machine learning models of problem space navigation: The influence of gender

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Stevens ◽  
Amy Soller
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Markov Modeling ◽  
Complex Problem Solving ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Space Navigation ◽  
Hidden Markov Modeling ◽  
Problem Solving Strategy ◽  
Solving Strategy

We have developed models of how problem spaces are navigated as male and female secondary school, university, and medical students engage in repetitive complex problem solving. The strategies that students used when solving problem-solving simulations were first classified with self-organizing artificial neural networks resulting in problem solving strategy maps. Next, learning trajectories were developed from sequences of performances by Hidden Markov Modeling that stochastically described students' progress in understanding different domains. Across middle school to medical school there were few gender differences in the proportion of cases solved; however, six of the seven problem sets showed significant gender differences in both the strategies used (ANN classifications) as well as the in the HMM models of progress. These results were extended through a detailed analysis of one problem set. For this high school / university problem set, gender differences were seen in how the problems were encoded consolidated and retrieved. These studies suggest that strategic problem solving differences are common across gender, and would be masked by simply looking at the outcome of the problem solving event.

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