Mammalian Transcriptional Gene Silencing by Small RNAs

2009 ◽  
pp. 393-404
Author(s):  
John Rossi ◽  
Daniel Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing

scholarly journals An atypical class of non-coding small RNAs produced in rice leaves upon bacterial infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganna Reshetnyak ◽  
Jonathan M. Jacobs ◽  
Florence Auguy ◽  
Coline Sciallano ◽  
Lisa Claude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Kinase Domain ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Microbe Interactions

ABSTRACTNon-coding small RNAs (sRNA) act as mediators of gene silencing and regulate plant growth, development and stress responses. Early insights into plant sRNAs established a role in antiviral defense and they are now extensively studied across plant-microbe interactions. Here, sRNA sequencing discovered a class of sRNA in rice (Oryza sativa) specifically associated with foliar diseases caused by Xanthomonas oryzae bacteria. Xanthomonas-induced small RNAs (xisRNAs) loci were distinctively upregulated in response to diverse virulent strains at an early stage of infection producing a single duplex of 20-22nt sRNAs. xisRNAs production was dependent on the Type III secretion system, a major bacterial virulence factor for host colonization. xisRNA loci overlap with annotated transcripts sequences often encoding protein kinase domain proteins. A number of the corresponding rice cis-genes have documented functions in immune signaling and some xisRNA loci coincide with the coding sequence of a conserved kinase motif. xisRNAs exhibit features of small interfering RNAs and their biosynthesis depend on canonical components OsDCL1 and OsHEN1. xisRNA induction possibly mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing but they do not broadly suppress cis-genes expression on the basis of mRNA-seq data. Overall, our results identify a group of unusual sRNAs with a potential role in plant-microbe interactions.

scholarly journals Mobile 24 nt Small RNAs Direct Transcriptional Gene Silencing in the Root Meristems of Arabidopsis thaliana

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 1678-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Melnyk ◽  
Attila Molnar ◽  
Andrew Bassett ◽  
David C. Baulcombe
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Root Meristems

scholarly journals An Algorithm for Generating Small RNAs Capable of Epigenetically Modulating Transcriptional Gene Silencing and Activation in Human Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Ackley ◽  
Alexandra Lenox ◽  
Kenneth Stapleton ◽  
Stuart Knowling ◽  
Tim Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing

scholarly journals Virus and Viroid-Derived Small RNAs as Modulators of Host Gene Expression: Molecular Insights Into Pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. Ramesh ◽  
Sneha Yogindran ◽  
Prabu Gnanasekaran ◽  
Supriya Chakraborty ◽  
Stephan Winter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Genomic Rnas ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Viroid Infection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Associated Symptoms ◽  
Sequence Complementarity

Virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs) generated by the host RNA silencing mechanism are effectors of plant’s defense response and act by targeting the viral RNA and DNA in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) pathways, respectively. Contrarily, viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) compromise the host RNA silencing pathways and also cause disease-associated symptoms. In this backdrop, reports describing the modulation of plant gene(s) expression by vsiRNAs via sequence complementarity between viral small RNAs (sRNAs) and host mRNAs have emerged. In some cases, silencing of host mRNAs by vsiRNAs has been implicated to cause characteristic symptoms of the viral diseases. Similarly, viroid infection results in generation of sRNAs, originating from viroid genomic RNAs, that potentially target host mRNAs causing typical disease-associated symptoms. Pathogen-derived sRNAs have been demonstrated to have the propensity to target wide range of genes including host defense-related genes, genes involved in flowering and reproductive pathways. Recent evidence indicates that vsiRNAs inhibit host RNA silencing to promote viral infection by acting as decoy sRNAs. Nevertheless, it remains unclear if the silencing of host transcripts by viral genome-derived sRNAs are inadvertent effects due to fortuitous pairing between vsiRNA and host mRNA or the result of genuine counter-defense strategy employed by viruses to enhance its survival inside the plant cell. In this review, we analyze the instances of such cross reaction between pathogen-derived vsiRNAs and host mRNAs and discuss the molecular insights regarding the process of pathogenesis.

The long hand of the small RNAs reaches into several levels of gene regulation

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Nolan ◽  
Carlo Cogoni
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
New Class ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cellular Defence ◽  
Genomic Organisation

Small RNA molecules such as siRNAs and miRNAs represent a new class of molecules that have been implicated in a wide range of diverse gene silencing phenomena. It is now becoming clear that these two similar molecules share several common features in both their biogenesis and their mechanism of action. Thus, the siRNA and miRNA pathways may have evolved from a common ancestral mechanism that has diverged to play important roles in developmental regulation, genomic organisation, and cellular defence against foreign nucleic acids.Key words: miRNA, siRNA, post-transcriptional gene silencing, RNAi, heterochromatin.

Analysis of Double-Stranded RNA and Small RNAs Involved in RNA-Mediated Transcriptional Gene Silencing

RNA Silencing ◽  
2005 ◽  
pp. 061-082
Author(s):  
M. Florian Mette ◽  
Werner Aufsatz ◽  
Tatsuo Kanno ◽  
Lucia Daxinger ◽  
Philipp Rovina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Double Stranded Rna

scholarly journals The Diversity of Plant Small RNAs Silencing Mechanisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 362-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens A. Schröder ◽  
Pauline E. Jullien
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing

Small RNAs gene regulation was first discovered about 20 years ago. It represents a conserve gene regulation mechanism across eukaryotes and is associated to key regulatory processes. In plants, small RNAs tightly regulate development, but also maintain genome stability and protect the plant against pathogens. Small RNA gene regulation in plants can be divided in two canonical pathways: Post-transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) that results in transcript degradation and/or translational inhibition or Transcriptional Gene Silencing (TGS) that results in DNA methylation. In this review, we will focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We will provide a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in canonical small RNA pathways as well as introducing more atypical pathways recently discovered.

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