scholarly journals Increase of Tryptophan and 5-Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid in the Brain of Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficient Sparse-Fur Mice

1984 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Bachmann ◽  
J P Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase ◽  
The Brain

c-fos and CRF receptor gene transcription in the brain of acetic acid-induced somato-visceral pain in rats

Pain ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 738-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Sinniger ◽  
Christophe Porcher ◽  
Patrick Mouchet ◽  
Aurélie Juhem ◽  
Bruno Bonaz
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Beneficial Effects of Maprotiline in a Murine Model of Colitis in Normal and Reserpinised Depressed Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mohsen Minaiyan ◽  
Valiollah Hajhashemi ◽  
Mohammad Rabbani ◽  
Ehsan Fattahian ◽  
Parvin Mahzouni
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Experimental Colitis ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Myeloperoxidase Activity ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Brain

Background. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities have been reported for maprotiline, a strong norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. In addition, some other antidepressant drugs have shown beneficial effects in experimental colitis. Methods. All the animals were divided into normal and depressed groups. In normal rats colitis was induced by instillation of 2 mL of 4% acetic acid and after 2 hours, maprotiline (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered. In reserpinised depressed rats, depression was induced by injection of reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p.), 1 h prior to colitis induction, and then treated with maprotiline (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg). Treatment continued daily for four days. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was given as a reference drug. On day five following colitis induction, animals were euthanized and distal colons were assessed macroscopically, histologically, and biochemically (assessment of myeloperoxidase activity). Results. Maprotiline significantly improved macroscopic and histologic scores and diminished myeloperoxidase activity in both normal and depressed rats while reserpine exacerbated the colonic damage. Conclusion. Our data suggests that the salutary effects of maprotiline on acetic acid colitis are probably mediated first through depressive behavioral changes that could be mediated through the brain-gut axis and second for the anti-inflammatory effect of the drug.

STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC EXTRACTS ON SOMATOTROPHIC PITUITARY FUNCTION

1962 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Franz ◽  
C. H. Haselbach ◽  
O. Libert
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Immature Female ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The presence of a »Somatotrophin-Releasing Factor« (SRF) in acetic-acid extracts obtained from dog hypothalami was demonstrated by three kinds of assays: an »in vitro« test derived from that of Saffran & Schally (1955 b) for the measurement of CRF; a modification of the tibia test, performed on intact immature female rats; and measurement of the weight gain of immature female rats during prolonged treatment. The extracts were active only on intact animals, and not directly on hypophysectomized ones. The activity was not observed in other parts of the brain than the hypothalamus region. Crude post-pituitary extracts were contaminated with SRF, although the synthetic neuro-hormones were not »somatotrophin-releasing« substances. SRF is therefore different from vasopressin.

Effects of Anoxia on Serotonin Metabolism in Crucian Carp Brain

1989 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
GÖRAN E. NILSSON
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Crucian Carp ◽  
Carassius Carassius ◽  
Serotonin Metabolism ◽  
Brain Oxygen ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Crucian Carp Carassius Carassius ◽  
Monoamine Transmitters

In the brain, oxygen is required for both the synthesis and the degradation of monoamine transmitters, so monoaminergic systems can be expected to be strongly affected by anoxia. However, crucian carp (Carassius carassius L.) may survive anoxia for many days or even weeks. In the present study, crucian carp were exposed to anoxia for 22, 76, and 160 h at 8°C. All survived and were found to excrete ethanol at a constant rate. The brain concentrations of serotonin and its two main metabolites, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) and 5-hydroxytryptophol, were analysed after each experiment. In a preliminary experiment, it was found that the brain of the crucian carp contained about the same amount of serotonin and 5-HIAA as two species less tolerant to anoxia - the common carp and the rainbow trout. The levels of the serotonin metabolites decreased drastically (by 80–90%) during anoxia, whereas serotonin levels were only slightly reduced (by 15% or less). These results suggest a complete or nearly complete stop in serotonin metabolism during anoxia.

Analysis of monoamines, adenosine and GABA in tissues of the land snail Helix lucorum and lizard Agama stellio stellio during hibernation

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (8) ◽  
pp. 1135-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basile Michaelidis ◽  
Nikolaos S. Loumbourdis ◽  
Elizabeth Kapaki
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Land Snail ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Helix Lucorum ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Brain

SUMMARY The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of monoamines,GABA and adenosine in the brain, heart and haemolymph of the land snail Helix lucorum and in the brain, heart and blood of lizard Agama stellio stellio during long-term hibernation. We measured levels of the monoamines serotonin (5-HT) and its main metabolite 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA) and its metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid(DOPAC) and homovanilic acid (HVA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E). The most abundant amines detected in the brain and heart of active H. lucorum were 5-HT and DA. Of the metabolites examined only 5-HIAA was found in the brain. NE was found at very low levels but only in the brain,while E was not detected in the brain and heart. The levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA increased in the brain and heart of H. lucorum within the first months of hibernation, showing a significant decrease thereafter. The levels of DA did not change during hibernation. The results indicated that 5-HT might be involved in preparing snails for entry into hibernation. GABA was only found in the brain of H. lucorum, and the levels were low; these levels remained during hibernation. Adenosine was present in brain and heart of H. lucorum, and during hibernation, the level of adenosine decreased significantly in the brain but remained steady in the heart. The monoamines 5-HT, DA and NE were present in the brain of active lizards A. stellio stellio, whereas E was found only at very low levels. Moreover,the metabolites 5-HIAA, DOPAC and HVA were detected in the brain of active lizards. The monoamines 5-HT, DA, NE and E were also detected in the heart and blood of active lizards. During hibernation the levels of these four monoamines were decreased significantly in the brain and heart of A. stellio stellio. In contrast, the levels of E increased in the heart and blood of hibernating lizards. Adenosine was detected in both heart and brain of active lizards, but hibernation caused a marked decrease in its levels at both tissues. GABA was found at higher levels than monoamines and adenosine in the brain of active lizards, and hibernation caused a significant increase in its levels, indicating an important role of GABA in inhibition of neuronal activity in hibernating lizards.

Potential nootropic agents: Synthesis of a series of (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetic acid piperazides

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1613-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Valenta ◽  
Karel Šindelář ◽  
Jiří Holubek ◽  
Miroslav Ryska ◽  
Ivan Krejčí ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Acid Chlorides ◽  
Anticonvulsant Agents ◽  
Nootropic Agents ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Damaging Effects

The title compounds VI-XXIII were prepared by heating ethyl (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetate (II) with a series of N-monosubstituted piperazines. The propionamides XXVI and XXX were obtained by reactions of the acid chlorides IV and XXXIII with 3-(1-piperazinyl)propionamide. Compounds VI (V⁄FB-13 763) and VIII (V⁄FB-14 745) proved more active than piracetam (I) by their antiamnesic effects in rats, by antagonizing the brain-damaging effects of cycloheximide in infantile rats, and by their potentiation of the effects of anticonvulsant agents.

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