Multi-target Directed Compounds with Antioxidant and/or Antiinflammatory Properties as Potent Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease

Background: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by memory deficits and cognitive impairment. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists and nootropic agents are used clinically, but they have only symptomatic efficacy, attributed to the multifactorial character of AD. The multi-target directed compound approach is gaining attention and has been under investigation lately. Objective: This review selects several research articles, which describe the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of multi-targeting molecules combining antioxidant or/and anti-inflammatory properties. Compounds with these properties are expected to be beneficial in the treatment of AD. Methods: This review summarizes the pathobiochemistry of AD, as well as the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the progression of neurodegeneration. It presents novel compounds with antioxidant or/and anti-inflammatory activity, that have been tested for their efficacy in neurodegenerative disorders. Results: Various researchers have taken advantage of the multi-targeting drug approach, in order to design molecules which may be developed to useful agents for the treatment of neurodegeneration.

Comparative analysis of nootropic means of consumption in Ukraine, Estonia and Norway

Cerebrovascular disease develops in neurodegenerative, vascular or cerebrovascular diseases of the brain. For their treatment, nootropic agents have neurotrophic, neuroprotective effects, increase brain energy exchange and cerebral circulation. The purpose of the study was to study the range and consumption of nootropic agents in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine and to compare the volume and structure of their consumption with Estonia and Norway. The objects of this study were the representatives of two pharmacotherapeutic groups - NO6B «Psychostimulants and Nootropic Drugs» and N06D «Drugs used for dementia» present on the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market. The range of these drugs and the average retail price of their packs in the pharmacy network of Ukraine during the studied period were determined using the Morion Company Pharmexplorer market research system (as of December 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017). Drugs were performed according to DDDs/1 000 inhabitants/day or DID, using pharmacoepidemiological method of study ‒ ATC/DDD methodology. In the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine for 2014‒2017, nootropic drugs were represented from 204 tonnes (in 2014) to 237 tonnes (in 2017), based on 18 MNN, mainly domestic production. Drug prices varied over a wide range, which made it possible to choose a drug with nootropic action, taking into account the patient's financial capabilities. Vinpocetine (0.83‒0.98 DID) and piracetam (0.50‒0.52 DID) were predominantly consumed in the N06B group in Ukraine, while Ginkgo leaves (0.51‒0.59 DID) were the most consumed in the N06D group. and memantine (0.08‒0.18 DID). Consumption leaders are represented in the pharmaceutical market in a significant amount of TH and have a wide range of pricing for drug packaging. Compared to European countries, the consumption of nootropic drugs in Ukraine is almost 3.5 times lower than in Estonia and 2.4 times lower than in Norway. In terms of consumption in Ukraine and Estonia, the leaders were Ginkgo leaves, and in Norway, Donezepil. In the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market there is a sufficient assortment of products with nootropic action of mainly domestic production, which have a wide range of prices for the packaging of drugs. Consumption rates for drugs in Ukraine were low and inferior to two European countries, and in terms of consumption patterns similar to those of nootropic drugs in Estonia.

Brain Ageing, Cognition and Diet: A Review of the Emerging Roles of Food-Based Nootropics in Mitigating Age-related Memory Decline

Background: Age-related cognitive decline has been suggested to result from an increase in the brain neuron loss, which is attributable to continued derangement of the brain’s oxidant/ antioxidant balance. Increased oxidative stress and a concomitant decrease in the brain’s antioxidant defense system have been associated with functional senescence and organismal ageing. However, nature has configured certain foods to be rich sources of nootropic agents, with research showing that increased consumption of such foods or food ingredients may be protective against ageing-related memory decline. This knowledge is becoming increasingly valuable in an era when the boundary that separates food from medicine is becoming blurred. In this review, we examine extant literature dealing with the impact of ageing on brain structure and function, with an emphasis on the roles of oxidative stress. Secondly, we review the benefits of food-based antioxidants with nootropic effects and/or food-based nootropic agents in mitigating memory decline; with a view to improving our understanding of likely mechanisms. We also highlight some of the limitations to the use of food-based nootropics and suggest ways in which they can be better employed in the clinical management of age-related cognitive decline. Conclusion: While it is known that the human brain endures diverse insults in the process of ageing, food-based nootropics are likely to go a long way in mitigating the impacts of these insults. Further research is needed before we reach a point where food-based nootropics are routinely prescribed.

NOOTROPICS AGENTS: PHARMACEUTICAL ASPECT, COMMON EXAMPLES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Nootropics compounds are one of the important categories of medicinal agents act as cognitive enhancers and neuroprotective. These agents mainly used to improve memory related functioning of brain. Nootropic compounds exhibited various neural activities and boost functioning of central nervous system including improvement of intellectual, memory and learning capacity. These agents also offer significant relief in various neurodegenerative disorders such as parkinson disease and alzheimer disease. Drugs, nutraceuticals, supplements and functional foods may be used as nootropics agents to enhance concentration and memory. Various synthetic & semi synthetic agents, material from natural origin such as; herbs, animal products and minerals may also act as potent nootropic agents. This article presented a pharmaceutical consideration of nootropic agents in a view to explore this area for future perspective. Keywords: Nootropics, Memory, Cognitive, Brain, Neuroprotective