scholarly journals Comparison of Confirmatory Tests for the Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 2618-2623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Mulatero ◽  
Alberto Milan ◽  
Francesco Fallo ◽  
Giuseppe Regolisti ◽  
Francesca Pizzolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
Aldosterone Producing Adenoma

Abstract Context: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent form of secondary hypertension, accounting for up to 5–10% of all hypertensive patients, and the diagnosis of PA can present an important challenge for the clinician. After a positive screening test, the diagnosis is confirmed by a suppression test, often an iv saline load test (SLT) or a fludrocortisone suppression test (FST). The FST is considered by many to be the most reliable but is more complex and expensive. Objective and Design: Our objective was to compare the specificity of SLT with FST for the diagnosis of PA. Patients and Setting: The study included 100 hypertensive patients referred to hypertension units with suspected PA after the screening test. Intervention: All patients underwent FST and SLT. Main Outcome Measures: We assessed plasma aldosterone concentrations (PAC) before and after FST and SLT. Results: After iv SLT, 10.4% of the PA patients were negative and 16.1% of patients with essential hypertension were positive after SLT; that is, a correct diagnosis with SLT was obtained in 88% of patients compared with FST. PAC after SLT and PAC after FST were highly correlated (P < 0.0001). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that the best cutoff for PAC after SLT was 5 ng/dl. Patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma displayed a smaller reduction of PAC compared with patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia; a PAC after SLT greater than 6 ng/dl identified all patients eventually diagnosed as having aldosterone-producing adenoma. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the iv SLT is a reasonably good alternative to the more expensive and complex FST for the diagnosis of PA after a positive screening test.

scholarly journals Increased Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism, Including Surgically Correctable Forms, in Centers from Five Continents

2004 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 1045-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Mulatero ◽  
Michael Stowasser ◽  
Keh-Chuan Loh ◽  
Carlos E. Fardella ◽  
Richard D. Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Endocrine Hypertension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Aldosterone Producing Adenoma

Abstract Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a common form of endocrine hypertension previously believed to account for less than 1% of hypertensive patients. Hypokalemia was considered a prerequisite for pursuing diagnostic tests for PA. Recent studies applying the plasma aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio (ARR) as a screening test have reported a higher prevalence. This study is a retrospective evaluation of the diagnosis of PA from clinical centers in five continents before and after the widespread use of the ARR as a screening test. The application of this strategy to a greater number of hypertensives led to a 5- to 15-fold increase in the identification of patients affected by PA. Only a small proportion of patients (between 9 and 37%) were hypokalemic. The annual detection rate of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) increased in all centers (by 1.3–6.3 times) after the wide application of ARR. Aldosterone-producing adenomas constituted a much higher proportion of patients with PA in the four centers that employed adrenal venous sampling (28–50%) than in the center that did not (9%). In conclusion, the wide use of the ARR as a screening test in hypertensive patients led to a marked increase in the detection rate of PA.

scholarly journals Aldosterone to Renin Ratio as Screening Tool in Primary Aldosteronism

2018 ◽  
Vol 127 (02/03) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Katharina Schilbach ◽  
Riia Junnila ◽  
Martin Bidlingmaier
Keyword(s):  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Secondary Hypertension ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Assay Methods ◽  
Aldosterone To Renin Ratio

AbstractPrimary aldosteronism (PA) is a severe and often underdiagnosed form of secondary hypertension. Determining the aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) in hypertensive patients has been shown to be a valuable screening test for identification of patients suffering from PA. Since the introduction of a more widespread ARR screening the number of PA patients significantly increased worldwide. Interpretation of ARR might be challenging: Several factors from posture to interfering drugs affect the ARR and need to be taken into account when collecting samples. In addition, the wide variety of available assay methods and lack of well-established cut-offs present a challenge to the clinician. This review discusses the usefulness and possible difficulties of ARR screening.

scholarly journals Would wider screening for primary aldosteronism give any health benefits?

2004 ◽  
pp. 305-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
PF Plouin ◽  
X Jeunemaitre
Keyword(s):  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
The Past ◽  
Apparent Prevalence ◽  
In Series ◽  
Aldosterone Producing Adenoma ◽  
Aldosterone To Renin Ratio ◽  
Referral Bias ◽  
Adrenocortical Tumour

Fifty years ago, Jerome Conn described 'a new clinical syndrome which is designated temporarily as primary aldosteronism' in a young patient with hypertension, severe hypokalaemia and a benign adrenocortical tumour, for whom an adrenalectomy cured both the hypertension and hypokalaemia. His report identified the condition known as aldosterone-producing adenoma, a form of curable hypertension. According to Conn, the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in the hypertensive population referred to his department was 20%, but this estimate was subject to referral bias. Primary aldosteronism has long been considered rare, with an estimated prevalence of 0.5-2% among unselected hypertensive patients. During the past 10 years, however, the apparent prevalence of the condition increased dramatically, up to 30% in some series. Overall, the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in series dealing with at least 100 screened hypertensive patients averaged 6%, with one patient in two harbouring an aldosterone-producing adenoma. This increase in prevalence reflects the fact that hypokalaemic and normokalaemic patients are now screened for primary aldosteronism, with the aldosterone to renin ratio used as a screening tool. The current 'epidemic' of primary aldosteronism raises several questions and concerns.

ACTH Stimulation Maximizes the Accuracy of Peripheral Steroid Profiling in Primary Aldosteronism Subtyping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuta Tezuka ◽  
Kae Ishii ◽  
Lili Zhao ◽  
Yuto Yamazaki ◽  
Ryo Morimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Steroid Profiling ◽  
Aldosterone Producing Adenoma ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression

Abstract Background ACTH can contribute to aldosterone excess in primary aldosteronism (PA) via increased melanocortin type 2 receptor expression. Dynamic manipulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis could assist PA subtyping, but a direct comparison of dynamic tests is lacking. Methods We conducted comprehensive dynamic testing in 80 patients: 40 with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and 40 bilateral PA (BPA). Peripheral plasma was collected from each patient at 6 time-points: morning; midnight; after 1 mg dexamethasone suppression; and 15, 30, and 60 minutes after ACTH stimulation. We quantified 17 steroids by mass spectrometry in response to ACTH variations in all patients, and compared their discriminative power between the two PA subtypes. Results Patients with APA had higher morning and midnight concentrations of 18-hydroxycortisol, 18-oxocortisol, aldosterone, and 18-hydroxycorticosterone than those with BPA (p<0.001 for all). In response to cosyntropin stimulation, the APA group had larger increments of aldosterone, 18-oxocortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycortisol (p<0.05 for all). Following dexamethasone suppression, the APA group had larger decrements of aldosterone, 18-hydroxycortisol, and 18-oxocortisol (p<0.05 for all), but their concentrations remained higher than in the BPA group (p<0.01 for all). The highest discriminatory performance between the PA subtypes was achieved using steroids measured 15 minutes post-ACTH stimulation (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.957). Conclusion Steroid differences between APA and BPA are enhanced by dynamic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal testing; such non-invasive tests could circumvent the need for adrenal vein sampling in a subset of patients with PA.

EXPLORATION OF THE SEATED SALINE SUPPRESSION TEST FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM IN THE CHINESE POPULATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 891-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Zhang ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Haoming Tian ◽  
Yuanmei Li ◽  
Dan Mo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Youden Index ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone Concentration ◽  
Suppression Test ◽  
Aldosterone Producing Adenoma ◽  
Idiopathic Hyperaldosteronism

Objective: We prospectively investigated the accuracy of the seated saline suppression test (SSST) in 113 patients with hypertension (including 93 primary aldosteronism [PA] and 20 essential hypertension patients) in the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Methods: Each patient underwent a recumbent saline suppression test (RSST) and SSST. The accuracy of the SSST for a confirmative PA diagnosis and subtype classification was evaluated and compared with the RSST. Results: The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) for the SSST was significantly greater than that for the RSST (0.945 ± 0.0199 vs. 0.828 ± 0.0404; P<.05). The ROC analysis showed that the optimal PAC cut-off values were 12.94 ng/dL for the SSST (sensitivity 86.02%, specificity 95%; Youden index [YI] 0.810) and 12.04 ng/dL for the RSST (sensitivity 83.15%, specificity 57%; YI 0.401). The optimal PAC cut-off value for classifying aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism was 18.12 ng/dL for the SSST (sensitivity 73.5%, specificity 79.5%). No patients experienced adverse events during the SSST. Conclusion: The SSST is safe and convenient for PA diagnosis. The accuracy of the SSST for a confirmatory diagnosis of PA was better than that of the RSST. The SSST is a reliable alternative for PA confirmation in Chinese individuals. Abbreviations: APA = aldosterone-producing adenoma; ARR = aldosterone to renin ratio; AVS = adrenal vein sampling; CT = computed tomography; EH = essential hypertension; IHA = idiopathic hyperaldosteronism; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; PA = primary aldosteronism; PAC = plasma aldosterone concentration; PRA = plasma renin activity; ROC = receiver operating characteristic; RSST = recumbent saline suppression test; SSST = seated saline suppression test; YI = Youden index

scholarly journals Predictors of Clinical Success After Surgery for Primary Aldosteronism in the Japanese Nationwide Cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 2012-2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuha Morisaki ◽  
Isao Kurihara ◽  
Hiroshi Itoh ◽  
Mitsuhide Naruse ◽  
Yoshiyu Takeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of

Abstract Context Aldosterone-producing adenomas are a curable subtype of primary aldosteronism (PA); however, hypertension persists in some patients after adrenalectomy. Objective To identify factors associated with, and develop prediction models for, blood pressure (BP) normalization or improvement after adrenalectomy. Design Retrospective analysis of patients treated between 2006 and 2018, with a 6-month follow-up. Setting A nationwide, 29-center Japanese registry encompassing 15 university hospitals and 14 city hospitals. Patients We categorized 574 participants in the Japan Primary Aldosteronism Study, who were diagnosed with PA and underwent adrenalectomy, as BP normalized or improved, on the basis of their presentations at 6 months postsurgery. Main Outcome Measure The rate of complete, partial, and absent clinical success. Predictive factors related to BP outcomes after PA surgery were also evaluated. Results Complete clinical success was achieved in 32.6% and partial clinical success was achieved in 53.0% of the patients at 6 months postsurgery. The following five variables were independent predictors for BP normalization: ≤7 years of hypertension, body mass index ≤25 kg/m2, no more than one antihypertensive medication, absence of medical history of diabetes, and female sex. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.797 in the BP normalization model. Conclusion We established models that predicted postoperative BP normalization in patients with PA. These should be useful for shared decision-making regarding adrenalectomy for PA.

scholarly journals Renin- és aldoszteronvizsgálat hypertoniás betegekben

2016 ◽  
Vol 157 (21) ◽  
pp. 830-835
Author(s):  
Tamás Hussein ◽  
Emese Mezősi ◽  
Beáta Bódis ◽  
Orsolya Nemes ◽  
Károly Rucz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Aldosterone Level ◽  
Hypertensive Patients

Introduction: The diagnostic algorithm of primary aldosteronism is burdened with uncertainties and, recently, it has been suggested that the sensitivity of the aldosterone/renin ratio used as a screening test – based on the suppression aldosterone – is low. Aim: The primary aim was to test the accuracy of aldosterone/renin ratio. Method: In a retrospective analysis of 309 hypertensive patients supine and ambulatory aldosterone levels were independently examined. Results: Aldosterone/renin ratio was elevated in 99 patients of whom 31 exhibited elevated supine aldosterone, as well. In 34 cases supine aldosterone was increased without elevation of the aldosterone/renin ratio. However, only 3 of them had concomitant low renin levels indicating that primary aldosteronism could not be ruled out. Abnormally increased renin was found in 69 patients, but only 59% of them had increased aldosterone level. Conclusion: Sensitivity of aldosterone/renin ratio is high (91%) if used only in justified cases. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(21), 830–835.

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