Reader Response: Long-term Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors on Cognitive Decline and Mortality

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (20) ◽  
pp. 964.2-965
Author(s):  
Maxim S. Kuschpel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Reader Response ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Long Term Effects

Author Response: Long-term Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors on Cognitive Decline and Mortality

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (20) ◽  
pp. 965.1-965
Author(s):  
Hong Xu ◽  
Sara Garcia-Ptacek ◽  
Maria Eriksdotter
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Long-term effects of alcohol consumption on cognitive function in seniors: a cohort study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizhen Han ◽  
Jinzhu Jia
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cox Model ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Rice Wine ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Healthy Longevity

Abstract Background In the context of increasing global aging, the long-term effects of alcohol consumption on cognitive function in older adults were analyzed in order to provide rationalized health recommendations to the elderly population. Methods The study used the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) dataset, from which 5354 Chinese seniors aged 65–112 years were selected as the subjects, spanning the years 1998–2018. Data on alcohol, diet, activity, and cognition were collected by questionnaire and cognitive levels were judged by the Mini-Mental State Examination scale (also referenced to the Functional Assessment Staging Test). Data cleaning and preprocessing was implemented by R software. The dynamic Cox model was applied for model construction and data analysis. Results The results of the dynamic Cox model suggested that seniors who drank alcohol were at higher risk of cognitive decline compared to those who never drank (HR = 1.291, 95%CI: 1.175–1.419). The risk was similarly exacerbated by perennial drinking habits (i.e., longer drinking years, HR = 1.008, 95%CI: 1.004–1.013). Compared to non-alcoholic beverages, liquor (≥ 38°), liquor (< 38°), wine and rice wine all showed negative effects. Whereas, the risk of cognitive decline was relatively lower in seniors who consumed liquors (< 38°) and rice wine compared to the high-level liquor (HR: 0.672 (0.508, 0.887) and 0.732 (0.559, 0.957), respectively). Conclusions Alcohol consumption has a negative and long-term effects on cognitive function in seniors. For the elderly, we suggested that alcohol intake should be avoided as much as possible.

Cognitive short- and long-term effects of coffee cherry extract in older adults with mild cognitive decline

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 918-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Robinson ◽  
John M. Hunter ◽  
Tania Reyes-Izquierdo ◽  
Ruby Argumedo ◽  
Jessica Brizuela-Bastien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals Long-term Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors on Cognitive Decline and Mortality

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (17) ◽  
pp. e2220-e2230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Xu ◽  
Sara Garcia-Ptacek ◽  
Linus Jönsson ◽  
Anders Wimo ◽  
Peter Nordström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Mmse Score ◽  
Matched Cohort ◽  
Severe Dementia ◽  
Alzheimer Dementia ◽  
Risk Of Death

ObjectiveTo investigate whether cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are associated with slower cognitive decline in Alzheimer dementia and decreased risk of severe dementia or death.MethodsPatients with Alzheimer dementia from the Swedish Dementia Registry starting on ChEIs within 3 months of the dementia diagnosis were included and compared to nontreated patients with Alzheimer dementia. In a propensity score–matched cohort, the association between ChEI use and cognitive trajectories assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores was examined with a mixed model, and severe dementia (MMSE score <10) or death as an outcome was assessed with Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsThe matched cohort included 11,652 ChEI users and 5,826 nonusers. During an average of 5 years of follow-up, 255 cases developed severe dementia, and 6,055 (35%) died. ChEI use was associated with higher MMSE score at each visit (0.13 MMSE points per year; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06–0.20). ChEI users had a 27% lower risk of death (0.73, 95% CI 0.69–0.77) compared with nonusers. Galantamine was associated with lower risk of death (0.71, 95% CI 0.65–0.76) and lower risk of severe dementia (0.69, 95% CI 0.47–1.00) and had the strongest effect on cognitive decline of all the ChEIs (0.18 MMSE points per year, 95% CI 0.07–0.28).ConclusionsChEIs are associated with cognitive benefits that are modest but persist over time and with reduced mortality risk, which could be explained partly by their cognitive effects. Galantamine was the only ChEI demonstrating a significant reduction in the risk of developing severe dementia.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class III evidence that for patients with Alzheimer dementia ChEIs decrease long-term cognitive decline and risk of death and that galantamine decreases the risk of severe dementia.

scholarly journals Powerful Prose

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reader Response ◽  
Literary Fiction ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Reader Response Theory ◽  
Reading Experience ◽  
Reader Responses ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Psychological Features

What makes a reading experience »powerful«? This volume brings together literary scholars, linguists, and empirical researchers to elucidate the effects and reader responses to investigate just that. The thirteen contributions theorize this widely-used, but to date insufficiently studied notion, and provide insights into the therefore still mysterious-seeming power of literary fiction. The collection investigates a variety of stylistic as well as readerly and psychological features responsible for short- and long-term effects - topics of great interest to those interested or specialized in literary studies and narratology, (cognitive) stylistics, empirical literary studies and reader response theory.

scholarly journals Early Life Exposure to Chinese Famine and the Risk of Cognitive Decline (P14-027-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongguo Rong ◽  
Xiaozhen Lai ◽  
Elham Mahmoudi ◽  
Hai Fang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Famine Exposure

Abstract Objectives Previous studies on Chinese famine suggested long-term effects of early life famine exposure on health conditions. This study aims to investigate the association between the exposure to 1959–61 Chinese famine at different early life stages and the risk of cognitive decline in adulthood. Methods A total of 6417 adults born between 1952 and 1964 in the 2015 survey data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were included in this study. Cognitive performance was estimated through a series of comprehensive neuropsychological tests, including the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS-10), word recall, and pentagon drawing. Multiple generalized linear model (GLM) was employed to detect the association between multi-stage early life famine exposure and late life cognitive performance. Results Compared with the unexposed group, respondents exposed to famine in fetal period performed worse in TICS [difference −0.54 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.95 to −0.13, P = 0.009], word recall (difference −0.93 95% CI −1.47 to −0.39, P = 0.001), and general cognition (difference −1.46 95% CI −2.21 to −0.71, P < 0.001). Furthermore, we also found negative effects of famine exposure on performance of word recall and pentagon drawing in the early (word recall difference −1.09 95% CI −1.97 to −0.20, P = 0.016; pentagon drawing difference 0.77 95% CI 0.14 to 1.40, P = 0.017), mid (word recall difference −0.95 95% CI −1.65 to −0.26, P = 0.007; pentagon drawing difference 0.70 95% CI 0.20 to 1.20, P = 0.006) and late (word recall difference 0.61 95% CI −1.11 to −0.11, P = 0.017; pentagon drawing difference 0.76 95% CI 0.38 to 1.13, P < 0.001) childhood exposed groups. Therefore, both fetal and childhood malnutrition had a long-term negative effect on respondent鈥檚 cognitive performance. Conclusions Early life famine exposure in different stages is positively associated with late life cognitive decline. Fetal famine exposure might affect the overall cognitive status in adulthood, and childhood famine exposure has potential adverse effects on visuospatial episodic memory. Funding Sources No funding. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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