scholarly journals Tissue interactions affecting the migration and differentiation of neural crest cells in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.D. Stern ◽  
K.B. Artinger ◽  
M. Bronner-Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Motor Axons ◽  
Root Region ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Catecholamine Fluorescence ◽  
Catecholaminergic Cells

A series of microsurgical operations was performed in chick embryos to study the factors that control the polarity, position and differentiation of the sympathetic and dorsal root ganglion cells developing from the neural crest. The neural tube, with or without the notochord, was rotated by 180 degrees dorsoventrally to cause the neural crest cells to emerge ventrally. In some embryos, the notochord was ablated, and in others a second notochord was implanted. Sympathetic differentiation was assessed by catecholamine fluorescence after aldehyde fixation. Neural crest cells emerging from an inverted neural tube migrate in a ventral-to-dorsal direction through the sclerotome, where they become segmented by being restricted to the rostral half of each sclerotome. Both motor axons and neural crest cells avoid the notochord and the extracellular matrix that surrounds it, but motor axons appear also to be attracted to the notochord until they reach its immediate vicinity. The dorsal root ganglia always form adjacent to the neural tube and their dorsoventral orientation follows the direction of migration of the neural crest cells. Differentiation of catecholaminergic cells only occurs near the aorta/mesonephros and in addition requires the proximity of either the ventral neural tube (floor plate/ventral root region) or the notochord. Prior migration of presumptive catecholaminergic cells through the sclerotome, however, is neither required nor sufficient for their adrenergic differentiation.

An experimental study on neural crest migration in Barbus conchonius (Cyprinidae, Teleostei), with special reference to the origin of the enteroendocrine cells

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-323
Author(s):  
C. H. J. Lamers ◽  
J. W. H. M. Rombout ◽  
L. P. M. Timmermans
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cells ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Transplantation Technique ◽  
Spinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neural Crest Origin ◽  
Neural Crest Migration

A neural crest transplantation technique is described for fish. As in other classes ofvertebrates, two pathways of neural crest migration can be distinguished: a lateroventral pathway between somites and ectoderm, and a medioventral pathway between somites and neural tube/notochord. In this paper evidence is presented for a neural crest origin of spinal ganglion cells and pigment cells, and indication for such an origin is obtained for sympathetic and enteric ganglion cells and for cells that are probably homologues to adrenomedullary and paraganglion cells in the future kidney area. The destiny of neural crest cells near the developing lateral-line sense organs is discussed. When grafted into the yolk, neural crest cells or neural tube cells appear to differentiate into ‘periblast cells’; this suggests a highly activating influence of the yolk. Many neural crest cells are found around the urinary ducts and, when grafted below the notochord, even within the urinary duct epithelium. These neural crest cells do not invade the gut epithelium, even when grafted adjacent to the developing gut. Consequently enteroendocrine cells in fish are not likely to have a trunkor rhombencephalic neural crest origin. Another possible origin of these cells will be proposed.

scholarly journals Neural tube-ectoderm interactions are required for trigeminal placode formation

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 4287-4295 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Stark ◽  
J. Sechrist ◽  
M. Bronner-Fraser ◽  
C. Marcelle
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Surface Ectoderm ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Cranial Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Cranial Sensory Ganglia ◽  
Placode Formation

Cranial sensory ganglia in vertebrates develop from the ectodermal placodes, the neural crest, or both. Although much is known about the neural crest contribution to cranial ganglia, relatively little is known about how placode cells form, invaginate and migrate to their targets. Here, we identify Pax-3 as a molecular marker for placode cells that contribute to the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ganglion and use it, in conjunction with DiI labeling of the surface ectoderm, to analyze some of the mechanisms underlying placode development. Pax-3 expression in the ophthalmic placode is observed as early as the 4-somite stage in a narrow band of ectoderm contiguous to the midbrain neural folds. Its expression broadens to a patch of ectoderm adjacent to the midbrain and the rostral hindbrain at the 8- to 10-somite stage. Invagination of the first Pax-3-positive cells begins at the 13-somite stage. Placodal invagination continues through the 35-somite stage, by which time condensation of the trigeminal ganglion has begun. To challenge the normal tissue interactions leading to placode formation, we ablated the cranial neural crest cells or implanted barriers between the neural tube and the ectoderm. Our results demonstrate that, although the presence of neural crest cells is not mandatory for Pax-3 expression in the forming placode, a diffusible signal from the neuroectoderm is required for induction and/or maintenance of the ophthalmic placode.

scholarly journals Notochord grafts do not suppress formation of neural crest cells or commissural neurons

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.B. Artinger ◽  
M. Bronner-Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Floor Plate ◽  
Commissural Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies

Grafting experiments previously have established that the notochord affects dorsoventral polarity of the neural tube by inducing the formation of ventral structures such as motor neurons and the floor plate. Here, we examine if the notochord inhibits formation of dorsal structures by grafting a notochord within or adjacent to the dorsal neural tube prior to or shortly after tube closure. In all cases, neural crest cells emigrated from the neural tube adjacent to the ectopic notochord. When analyzed at stages after ganglion formation, the dorsal root ganglia appeared reduced in size and shifted in position in embryos receiving grafts. Another dorsal cell type, commissural neurons, identified by CRABP and neurofilament immunoreactivity, differentiated in the vicinity of the ectopic notochord. Numerous neuronal cell bodies and axonal processes were observed within the induced, but not endogenous, floor plate 1 to 2 days after implantation but appeared to be cleared with time. These results suggest that dorsally implanted notochords cannot prevent the formation of neural crest cells or commissural neurons, but can alter the size and position of neural crest-derived dorsal root ganglia.

Axons arrest the migration of Schwann cell precursors

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bhattacharyya ◽  
R. Brackenbury ◽  
N. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Schwann Cell ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Motor Axons ◽  
Ventral Neural Tube ◽  
Schwann Cell Precursors

The neural crest gives rise to a variety of cell types including Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. Schwann cell precursors begin to differentiate early and migrate along specific pathways in the embryo before associating with nerve trunks. To determine whether motor axons direct the migration of Schwann cell precursors along specific pathways, we tested the effect of ablating the ventral half of the neural tube, which contains motor neuron cell bodies. The ventral neural tube was removed unilaterally from lumbar regions of chicken embryos at stage 17, when neural crest cells are just beginning to migrate and before motor axons have extended out of the neural tube. At several stages after ventral tube ablation, sections of the lumbar region of these embryos were stained with anti-acetylated tubulin to label developing axons, HNK-1 to label migrating neural crest cells and 1E8 to label Schwann cell precursors. In many embryos the ablation of motor neurons was incomplete. The staining patterns in these embryos support the idea that some Schwann cells are derived from the neural tube. In embryos with complete motor neuron ablation, at stage 18, HNK-1-positive neural crest cells had migrated to normal locations in both control and ablated sides of the embryo, suggesting that motor axons or the ventral neural tube are not required for proper migration of neural crest cells. However, by stage 19, cells that were positive for HNK-1 or 1E8 were no longer seen in the region of the ventral root, nor ventral to the ventral root region. Because Schwann cell precursors require neural-derived factors for their survival in vitro, we tested whether neural crest cells that migrate to the region of the ventral root in ventral neural tube-ablated embryos then die. Nile Blue staining for dead and dying cells in ventral neural tube-ablated embryos provided no evidence for cell death at stage 18. These results suggest that motor axons arrest the migration of Schwann cell precursors during neural crest migration.

Consequences of somite manipulation on the pattern of dorsal root ganglion development

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kalcheim ◽  
M.A. Teillet
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Root Ganglion ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Avian Embryo ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Somitic Mesoderm

We have investigated dorsal root ganglion formation, in the avian embryo, as a function of the composition of the paraxial somitic mesoderm. Three or four contiguous young somites were unilaterally removed from chick embryos and replaced by multiple cranial or caudal half-somites from quail embryos. Migration of neural crest cells and formation of DRG were subsequently visualized both by the HNK-1 antibody and the Feulgen nuclear stain. At advanced migratory stages (as defined by Teillet et al. Devl Biol. 120, 329–347 1987), neural crest cells apposed to the dorsolateral faces of the neural tube were distributed in a continuous, nonsegmented pattern that was indistinguishable on unoperated sides and on sides into which either half of the somites had been grafted. In contrast, ventrolaterally, neural crest cells were distributed segmentally close to the neural tube and within the cranial part of each normal sclerotome, whereas they displayed a nonsegmental distribution when the graft involved multiple cranial half-somites or were virtually absent when multiple caudal half-somites had been implanted. In spite of the identical dorsal distribution of neural crest cells in all embryos, profound differences in the size and segmentation of DRG were observed during gangliogenesis (E4–9) according to the type of graft that had been performed. Thus when the implant consisted of compound cranial half-somites, giant, coalesced ganglia developed, encompassing the entire length of the graft. On the other hand, very small, dorsally located ganglia with irregular segmentation were seen at the level corresponding to the graft of multiple caudal half-somites. We conclude that normal morphogenesis of dorsal root ganglia depends upon the craniocaudal integrity of the somites.

The migration of neural crest cells and the growth of motor axons through the rostral half of the chick somite

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 437-455
Author(s):  
M. Rickmann ◽  
J. W. Fawcett ◽  
R. J. Keynes
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Motor Axons ◽  
Migration Pathway ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Pass Through

We have studied the pathway of migration of neural crest cells through the somites of the developing chick embryo, using the monoclonal antibodies NC-1 and HNK-1 to stain them. Crest cells, as they migrate ventrally from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, pass through the lateral part of the sclerotome, but only through that part of the sclerotome which lies in the rostral half of each somite. This migration pathway is almost identical to the path which presumptive motor axons take when they grow out from the neural tube shortly after the onset of neural crest migration. In order to see whether the ventral root axons are guided along this pathway by neural crest cells, we surgically excised the neural crest from a series of embryos, and examined the pattern of axon outgrowth approximately 24 h later. In somites which contained no neural crest cells, ventral root axons were still found only in the rostral half of the somite, although axonal growth was slightly delayed. These axons were surrounded by sheath cells, which had presumably migrated out of the neural tube, to a point about 50 μm proximal to the growth cones. With appropriate antibodies we found that the extracellular matrix components fibronectin and laminin are evenly distributed between the rostral and caudal halves of the somite. Neither of these molecules therefore plays a critical role in determining the specific pathway of neural crest cells or motor axons through the rostral half of the somite.

scholarly journals Developmental potential of trunk neural crest cells in the mouse

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (7) ◽  
pp. 1709-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.N. Serbedzija ◽  
M. Bronner-Fraser ◽  
S.E. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Mouse Embryo ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Neural Crest Cell ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Developmental Potential

The availability of naturally occurring and engineered mutations in mice which affect the neural crest makes the mouse embryo an important experimental system for studying neural crest cell differentiation. Here, we determine the normal developmental potential of neural crest cells by performing in situ cell lineage analysis in the mouse by microinjecting lysinated rhodamine dextran (LRD) into individual dorsal neural tube cells in the trunk. Labeled progeny derived from single cells were found in the neural tube, dorsal root ganglia, sympathoadrenal derivatives, presumptive Schwann cells and/or pigment cells. Most embryos contained labeled cells both in the neural tube and at least one neural crest derivative, and numerous clones contributed to multiple neural crest derivatives. The time of injection influenced the derivatives populated by the labeled cells. Injections at early stages of migration yielded labeled progeny in both dorsal and ventral neural crest derivatives, whereas those performed at later stages had labeled cells only in more dorsal neural crest derivatives, such as dorsal root ganglion and presumptive pigment cells. The results suggest that in the mouse embryo: (1) there is a common precursor for neural crest and neural tube cells; (2) some neural crest cells are multipotent; and (3) the timing of emigration influences the range of possible neural crest derivatives.

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