The effect of cold on hind-limb growth and lateral motor column development in Rana pipiens

Development ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-233
Author(s):  
R. S. Decker ◽  
J. J. Kollros
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Lateral Motor Column ◽  
Developmental Relationship ◽  
Peripheral Area

A quantitative correspondence between nerve centers and their peripheral area of innervation has long been inferred from comparative and pathological studies. Many investigations have shown that by varying the mass or number of peripheral structures (1) a hypoplasia or hyperplasia, or (2) a hypotrophy or hypertrophy of their corresponding nerve centers results, indicating that a developmental relationship exists between that periphery and its innervating center. These changes in nerve cell number and size have been demonstrated in a variety of sites, including the spinal cord and spinal ganglia of chicks and amphibians (Piatt, 1948; Hamburger, 1955, 1958; Weiss, 1955). In addition to control of nerve cell number and size by the periphery, thyroid hormone has been demonstrated to affect, directly and indirectly, lateral motor column (LMC) cell number and size in the frog, Rana pipiens (Beaudoin, 1955, 1956; Kollros & Race, 1960; Race, 1961).

Motor projection patterns to the hind limb of normal and paralysed chick embryos

Development ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-286
Author(s):  
N. G. Laing
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Lateral Motor Column ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Major Period

Counts were made of the number of motoneurons innervating the hind limbs of 10-day normal and paralysed chick embryos whose right hind limb buds had been subjected to varying degrees of amputation prior to innervation. The number of motoneurons on the intact sides of the paralysed embryos was found to be similar to the number present in normal embryos prior to the major period of motoneuron death. Since it has previously been shown that paralysis does not increase the number of motoneurons generated, this means that normal motoneuron death was largely prevented in the paralysed embryos. There were differences in the distributions of motoneurons in the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord between normal and paralysed embryos. Therefore, cell death does not eliminate a uniform fraction of motoneurons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the chick embryo lumbar lateral motor column. It is also argued that there are differences in the relative contribution of the various lumbosacral levels to different parts of the limb, e.g. the shank, before and after the period of cell death. In both normal and paralysed embryos there was a linear relationship between the volume of limb muscle which developed after amputation and the number of motoneurons surviving in the spinal cord. There was no evidence of a ‘compression’ of motoneurons into the remaining muscle either after amputation alone or after amputation combined with paralysis. Motoneurons are therefore rigidly specified for certain parts of the limb. The relationship between motoneuron number and muscle volume on the amputated side differed from that of the intact side. For a similar increase in muscle volume there was a smaller increase in motoneuron number on the intact sides. This suggested a parallel to the paradoxically small increase in motoneuron number that occurs on the addition of a supernumerary limb.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF THE DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION OF AXIS CYLINDERS IN VITRO

1913 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnvald Ingebrigtsen
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Chick Embryos

1. The brains of chick embryos, of cats six weeks old, of rabbits two months old, and of dogs three weeks old, when cultivated in vitro, develop long filaments which, according to their growth and their anatomical and tinctorial characters, must be considered as true axis cylinders. 2. Similar structures develop from spinal ganglia of rabbits seven months old, and from the spinal cord of cats six weeks old, and of rabbits two months old. 3. When severed from their origin by section these threads undergo degenerative changes which do not appear after nine hours, but which are seen after twenty hours, and continue until in the course of the following two days the thread degenerates completely. 4. After twenty hours the development of new axis cylinders from the central part of the cut fibers is observed.

scholarly journals The Role of IL-17 Promotes Spinal Cord Neuroinflammation via Activation of the Transcription Factor STAT3 after Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohui Zong ◽  
Gaofeng Zeng ◽  
Ye Fang ◽  
Jinzhen Peng ◽  
Yong Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Stat3 Signaling ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Disease Stages

Study Design.In this study, we investigated the role of IL-17 via activation of STAT3 in the pathophysiology of SCI.Objective.The purpose of the experiments is to study the expression of IL-17 and related cytokines via STAT3 signaling pathways, which is caused by the acute inflammatory response following SCI in different periods via establishing an acute SCI model in rat.Methods.Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan hind limb locomotor rating scale was used to assess the rat hind limb motor function. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression levels of IL-17 and p-STAT3 in spinal cord tissues. Western blotting analysis was used to determine the protein expression of p-STAT3 in spinal cord tissue. RT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expression of IL-17 and IL-23p19 in the spleen tissue. ELISA was used to determine the peripheral blood serum levels of IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23.Results.Compared to the sham-operated group, the expression levels of IL-17, p-STAT3, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23 were significantly increased and peaked at 24 h after SCI. The increased levels of cytokines were correlated with the SCI disease stages.Conclusion.IL-17 may play an important role in promoting spinal cord neuroinflammation after SCI via activation of STAT3.

Unilateral induction of progenitors in the spinal cord of hSOD1G93A transgenic rats correlates with an asymmetrical hind limb paralysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 401 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle de Hemptinne ◽  
Cédric Boucherie ◽  
Roland Pochet ◽  
Kadiombo Bantubungi ◽  
Serge N. Schiffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Transgenic Rats ◽  
Hind Limb Paralysis

scholarly journals Slow- and fast-twitch rat hind limb skeletal muscle phenotypes 8 months after spinal cord transection and olfactory ensheathing glia transplantation

2008 ◽  
Vol 586 (10) ◽  
pp. 2593-2610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Negredo ◽  
José-Luis L. Rivero ◽  
Beatriz González ◽  
Almudena Ramón-Cueto ◽  
Rafael Manso
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Spinal Cord Transection ◽  
Olfactory Ensheathing Glia ◽  
Fast Twitch

scholarly journals Nanoparticles guided precise transplantation of varying numbers of mesenchymal stem cells into post–traumatic syrinx in spinal cord injury rat

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Chao Zhang ◽  
A.Y. Morozova ◽  
V.P. Baklaushev ◽  
I.L. Gubsky ◽  
P.A. Melnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Post Traumatic

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic injury to the spinal cord which is not a consequence of the disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gradually become one of the most used stem cells in research and clinic trial. Based on the previous reports employed the cells ranged from 4 • 105 to 1 • 106, the present study was performed to figure out the best number of MSCs for transplantation of the chronic SCI. Magnetic nanoparticles were used for proving the precise transplantation strategy. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), and behavior testing evaluations, we focused the effect of varying numbers of MSCs on reducing lesion cavity and post–traumatic syrinx formation, suppressing glial scar formation, enhancing neuronal fibers remodeling, promoting axonal regeneration and sprouting, improving vascularization, ameliorating the neuronal factors expressional level, and function improvement. Magnetic nanoparticles were precisely transplanted into the post–traumatic syrinx (PTS). MSCs can restore function after chronic SCI through stimulating the regeneration and sprouting of the axons, reducing the formation of PTS. The effect of MSCs on PTS management and functional improvement post chronic SCI was cell number–dependent, and within the range of 4 • 105 to 1 • 106, 1 • 106 cells were proved to be the best dose.

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