scholarly journals Comparative Investigations of the Action of Two Nitrogen Mustard Derivatives on the Early Stages of Development of Chick Embryos

Development ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
A. Jurand
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Living Matter ◽  
Germ Layers ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Cytotoxic Compounds ◽  
Specific Selectivity

Cytotoxic compounds act by combining with the biochemical constituents of cells. Because of the complexity of living matter, the cytotoxic activity is highly complicated in nature and is therefore far from being thoroughly understood. In order to analyse the cytotoxicity of any chemical compound, many biological variables concerned in determining the mode of action of the compound and its selectivity for any particular range of cells have to be taken into account (Danielli, 1952, 1954). Cells of the early embryonic stages are a suitable material for cytotoxic investigations. Although not completely differentiated, they soon arrange themselves into a few embryonic tissues originating directly from the three fundamental germ layers. These tissues consist of cells which may be regarded as the precursors of all the cells of the adult organ. It is interesting to inquire whether they show in these early stages a specific selectivity to cytotoxic compounds which is similar to the selectivity of tumour cells, and which may later be derived indirectly from different germ layers.

Anti-mesodermal Activity of a Nitrogen Mustard Derivative

Development ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-696
Author(s):  
A. Jurand
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Anti Tumour Activity ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Cent Saline ◽  
Specific Selectivity ◽  
Walker Carcinoma ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Tumour Activity

Amongst the numerous derivatives of nitrogen mustard that have been tested for their anti-tumour activity on Walker carcinoma by Danielli and his collaborators (1961), (Cl—CH2—CH2)2: N—C6H4—O—CO—NH—C6H4—COOH, i.e., p-(NN-Di-2-chloroethyloamino)-phenyl- N-(p-carboxyphenyl) - carbamate (later referred to as I.C. 140), has been found to be particularly promising. To check its cytotoxic activity for embryos, and to find out, if possible, whether I.C. 140 has any specific selectivity for particular embryonic tissues, chick and mouse embryos were treated during the early stages of development. Chick embryos were explanted according to the method described by New (1955) at Stage 4 or 5 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1955), i.e., after a pre-incubation period of 22 hr. As I.C. 140 is difficult to dissolve in water, it was first suspended in an appropriate volume of 0·9 per cent, saline solution. One part of this suspension was then diluted with nine parts of liquid albumen to give the final concentration of 50 or 100 μg. per ml.

Protein Accumulation in Early Chick Embryos Grown under Different Conditions of Explantation

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
L. Gwen Britt ◽  
Heinz Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Developmental Processes ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Somite Formation ◽  
Explanted Chick Embryo

The recent development of techniques originally devised by Waddington (1932) for the maintenance of the explanted chick embryo (Spratt, 1947; New, 1955; Wolff & Simon, 1955) has opened the possibility of determining quantitatively some parameters of the developmental processes occurring in embryonic tissues under these conditions. As a result of such measurements, protein accumulation in explanted embryos was found to be much smaller than in embryos developing in the egg. On the other hand, the progress of somite formation was found to take place at similar rates in embryos developing as explants or in situ (Herrmann & Schultz, 1958). The slow rate of protein accumulation in the explanted embryos made it seem desirable to investigate whether under some other conditions of explantation protein accumulation would approach more closely the rate of protein formation observed in the naturally developing embryo.

Mechanics of Embryonic Head Fold Morphogenesis

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor D. Varner ◽  
Dmitry A. Voronov ◽  
Larry A. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Heart Tube ◽  
Germ Layers ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Anterior Extent ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Embryonic Head

Head fold morphogenesis constitutes the first discernible epithelial folding event in the embryonic development of the chick. It arises at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 6 (approximately 24 hours into a 21-day incubation period) and establishes the anterior extent of the embryo [1]. At this stage, the embryonic blastoderm is composed of three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm), which are organized into a flat layered sheet that overlies the fibrous vitelline membrane (VM). Within this blastodermal sheet, a crescent-shaped head fold develops just anterior to the elongating notochord, spanning across the embryonic midline at the rostral end of neural plate. At the crest of this fold, the bilateral precardiac plates fuse in a cranial to caudal direction and give rise to the primitive heart tube and foregut [2, 3]. An understanding of head fold morphogenesis may thus offer insight into how embryonic tissues are arranged to make ready for proper cardiac formation.

182 Establishment of expanded potential embryonic stem cell lines from porcine embryos

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
M. Nowak-Imialek ◽  
X. Gao ◽  
P. Liu ◽  
H. Niemann
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Embryoid Bodies ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Germ Layers ◽  
Embryonic Tissues

The domestic pig is an excellent large animal in biomedical medicine and holds great potential for testing the clinical safety and efficacy of stem cell therapies. Previously, numerous studies reported the derivation of porcine embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like lines, but none of these lines fulfilled the stringent criteria for true pluripotent germline competent ESC. Here, we report the first establishment of porcine expanded potential stem cells (pEPSC) from parthenogenetic and in vivo-derived blastocysts. A total of 12 cell lines from parthenogenetic blastocysts from Day 7 (12/24) and 26 cell lines from in vivo-derived blastocysts from Day 5 (26/27) were established using defined stem cell culture conditions. These cells closely resembled mouse ESC with regard to morphology, formed compact colonies with high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios, and could be maintained in vitro for more than 40 passages with a normal karyotype. The pEPSC expressed key pluripotency genes, including OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, and SALL4 at similar levels as porcine blastocysts. Immunostaining analysis confirmed expression of critical cell surface markers SSEA-1 and SSEA-4 in pEPSC. The EPSC differentiated in vitro into tissues expressing markers of the 3 germ layers: SOX7, AFP, T, DES, CRABP2, α-SMA, β-tubulin, PAX6, and, notably, the trophoblast markers HAND1, GATA3, PGF, and KRT7. After injection into immunocompromised mice, the pEPSC formed teratomas with derivatives of the 3 germ layers and placental lactogen-1 (PL-1)-positive trophoblast-like cells. Additionally, pEPSC cultured in vitro under conditions specific for germ cells formed embryoid bodies, which contained ~9% primordial germ cell (PGC)-like cells (PGCLC) that expressed PGC-specific genes, including NANOS3, BLIMP1, TFAP2C, CD38, DND1, KIT, and OCT4 as detected by quantitative RT-PCR and immunostaining. Next, we examined the in vivo differentiation potential of pEPSC and injected pEPSC stably expressing the CAG-H2B-mCherry transgene reporter into porcine embryos. The donor cells proliferated and were localised in both the trophectoderm and inner cell mass of the blastocysts cultured in vitro. After transfer to 3 recipient sows, chimeric embryos implanted and a total of 45 fetuses were recovered on Days 26 to 28. Flow cytometry of single cells collected from embryonic and extraembryonic tissues of the fetuses revealed mCherry+ cells in 7 conceptuses, in both the placenta and embryonic tissues; in 3 chimeric conceptuses, mCherry+ cells were exclusively found in embryonic tissues; and in 2 conceptuses, mCherry+ cells were exclusively localised in the placenta. The contribution of the mCherry+ cells was low (0.4-1.7%), but they were found and co-detected in multiple porcine embryonic tissues using tissue lineage-specific markers, including SOX2, TUJ1, GATA4, SOX17, AFP, α-SMA, and trophoblast markers PL-1 and KRT7 in the placental cells. The successful establishment of pEPSC represents a major step forward in stem cell research and provides cell lines with the unique state of cellular potency useful for genetic engineering and unravelling pluripotency regulation in pigs.

The chick limbless mutation causes abnormalities in limb bud dorsal-ventral patterning: implications for the mechanism of apical ridge formation

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 3851-3861 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Grieshammer ◽  
G. Minowada ◽  
J.M. Pisenti ◽  
U.K. Abbott ◽  
G.R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Local Application ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Potential Link

In chick embryos homozygous for the limbless mutation, limb bud outgrowth is initiated, but a morphologically distinct apical ridge does not develop and limbs do not form. Here we report the results of an analysis of gene expression in limbless mutant limb buds. Fgf4, Fgf8, Bmp2 and Msx2, genes that are expressed in the apical ridge of normal limb buds, are not expressed in the mutant limb bud ectoderm, providing molecular support for the hypothesis that limb development fails in the limbless embryo because of the inability of the ectoderm to form a functional ridge. Moreover, Fgf8 expression is not detected in the ectoderm of the prospective limb territory or the early limb bud of limbless embryos. Since the early stages of limb bud outgrowth occur normally in the mutant embryos, this indicates that FGF8 is not required to promote initial limb bud outgrowth. In the absence of FGF8, Shh is also not expressed in the mutant limb buds, although its expression can be induced by application of FGF8-soaked beads. These observations support the hypothesis that Fgf8 is required for the induction of Shh expression during normal limb development. Bmp2 expression was also not detected in mutant limb mesoderm, consistent with the hypothesis that SHH induces its expression. In contrast, SHH is not required for the induction of Hoxd11 or Hoxd13 expression, since expression of both these genes was detected in the mutant limb buds. Thus, some aspects of mesoderm A-P patterning can occur in the absence of SHH and factors normally expressed in the apical ridge. Intriguingly, mutant limbs rescued by local application of FGF displayed a dorsalized feather pattern. Furthermore, the expression of Wnt7a, Lmx1 and En1, genes involved in limb D-V patterning, was found to be abnormal in mutant limb buds. These data suggest that D-V patterning and apical ridge formation are linked, since they show that the limbless mutation affects both processes. We present a model that explains the potential link between D-V positional information and apical ridge formation, and discuss the possible function of the limbless gene in terms of this model.

The development of teratomas from intratesticular grafts of tubal mouse eggs

Development ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-341
Author(s):  
Leroy C. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Germ Layers ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Embryonic Shield ◽  
Mouse Eggs

Grafts of cleaving tubal ova from non-inbred mice to ectopic sites usually result in growths composed of extra-embryonic but not embryonic tissues (Fawcett, Wisloki & Waldo, 1947; Fawcett, 1950; Jones, 1951; Whitten 1958; Kirby, 1960, 1962a; Billington, 1965; and others). Runner (1947) grafted tubal mouse ova to the anterior chamber of the eye and one developed the three primary germ layers and then regressed, probably because the host and donor were histo-incompatible. This is the only report of an ectopically grafted pre-uterine egg that developed intra-embryonic derivatives. Kirby (1962b, 1965) grafted oviducal segmenting mouse eggs to the kidney and obtained only trophoblast and extra-embryonic membranes. He concluded that a ‘uterine factor’ is necessary for the development of intra-embryonic structures from mouse eggs. Kirby (1965) and Billington (1965) grafted morulae and blastocysts to the testis, and the morulae never gave rise to embryonic shield derivatives.

460. Cytotoxic compounds. Part II. Some amides of the “nitrogen mustard” type

1961 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 2365-2375 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Benn ◽  
A. M. Creighton ◽  
L. N. Owen ◽  
G. R. White
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Cytotoxic Compounds

scholarly journals Retinoids reprogramme pre-bud mesenchyme to give changes in limb pattern

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Wilde ◽  
S.E. Wedden ◽  
C. Tickle
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Apical Ectodermal Ridge ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Limb Pattern

Retinoic acid was locally applied to presumptive limb regions of chick embryos to find out the earliest time at which the limb pattern can be reprogrammed. When beads soaked in retinoic acid were placed in the appropriate positions in embryos at stage 10 or older, duplicated or reduced leg patterns resulted. To pin point the time at which the cells in the limb rudiment respond to the retinoid, beads were removed at various times and the lengths of exposure required to reprogramme limb development found. The early limb rudiments require longer exposures to give duplications than late rudiments. The effective treatment periods last at least until stage 17 when the limb bud and apical ectodermal ridge develop. In contrast, the length of exposure to reduce the limb is constant at early stages. Retinoids first start acting to produce duplicated structures between stages 10 and 13. Therefore, retinoids appear to begin to reprogramme the cells as soon as they are determined to give rise to a limb.

X-ray microanalysis of embryonic tissue exposed to lead

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
Michael R. Kuettel
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Lead Nitrate ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Cardiovascular Defects ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Cardiovascular Anomaly

Developmental malformations of the cardiovascular system are relatively common and well known. Less well known is the fact that this system may play an important role in the genesis of non-cardiovascular defects. Specifically, pilot studies indicated that caudal malformations in lead treated chick embryos are directly caused by a preceding cardiovascular abnormality; the presence of a large, blood filled caudal hematoma. These hematomas develop 16 to 24 hours after 20 μl of a lead nitrate solution (10 mM) is administered subgerminally on the second day of incubation. Small breaks and ultrastructural changes within the caudal embryonic dorsal aorta were observed as early as 4 hours after treatment. As these hematomas expand, they compress the surrounding soft embryonic tissues, destroying both the spatial relationships between tissues and the integrity of the tissues themselves. Pyknosis follows rapidly, and ultimately the dead or dying tissues and the hematoma itself are resorbed leading to a condition known as rumplessness (caudal dysplasia in humans). Within a short time of the formation of the initial hematoma, a tissue deficit is the only sign that a cardiovascular anomaly has occured.

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