germ layers
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2022 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Abigail N. Koppes ◽  
Ryan A. Koppes ◽  
Kyla N. Nichols
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra K. Eicher ◽  
Daniel O. Kechele ◽  
Nambirajan Sundaram ◽  
H. Matthew Berns ◽  
Holly M. Poling ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Jusong Kim ◽  
Jaewon Kim ◽  
Hee Jung Lim ◽  
Sanghyuk Lee ◽  
Yun Soo Bae ◽  
...  

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles as second messengers in a wide array of cellular processes including differentiation of stem cells. We identified Nox4 as the major ROS-generating enzyme whose expression is induced during differentiation of embryoid body (EB) into cells of all three germ layers. The role of Nox4 was examined using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from Nox4 knockout (Nox4−/−) mouse. Differentiation markers showed significantly reduced expression levels consistent with the importance of Nox4-generated ROS during this process. From transcriptomic analyses, we found insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), a member of a gene family extensively involved in embryonic development, as one of the most down-regulated genes in Nox4−/− cells. Indeed, addition of IGF2 to culture partly restored the differentiation competence of Nox4−/− iPSCs. Our results reveal an important signaling axis mediated by ROS in control of crucial events during differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Graphical Abstract


2021 ◽  
Vol 220 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrayani Waghmare ◽  
Andrea Page-McCaw

Hu et al. (2021. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202009082) show that Glypican 4 participates in filopodia-mediated Wnt transport from endoderm to mesoderm in zebrafish embryos to facilitate intercellular communication between germ layers.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Naxerova ◽  
Bruno Di Stefano ◽  
Jessica L. Makofske ◽  
Emma V. Watson ◽  
Marit A. de Kort ◽  
...  

Understanding the genetic control of human embryonic stem cell function is foundational for developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Here we describe an integrated genome-scale loss- and gain-of-function screening approach to identify genetic networks governing embryonic stem cell proliferation and differentiation into the three germ layers. We identified a deep link between pluripotency maintenance and survival by showing that genetic alterations that cause pluripotency dissolution simultaneously increase apoptosis resistance. We discovered that the chromatin-modifying complex SAGA and in particular its subunit TADA2B are central regulators of pluripotency, survival, growth, and lineage specification. Joint analysis of all screens revealed that genetic alterations that broadly inhibit differentiation across multiple germ layers drive proliferation and survival under pluripotency-maintaining conditions and coincide with known cancer drivers. Our results show the power of integrated multilayer genetic screening for the robust mapping of complex genetic networks.


2021 ◽  
Vol 220 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Hu ◽  
Juan J. Rodriguez ◽  
Anurag Kakkerla Balaraju ◽  
Yuanyuan Gao ◽  
Nhan T. Nguyen ◽  
...  

Glypicans influence signaling pathways by regulating morphogen trafficking and reception. However, the underlying mechanisms in vertebrates are poorly understood. In zebrafish, Glypican 4 (Gpc4) is required for convergence and extension (C&E) of both the mesoderm and endoderm. Here, we show that transgenic expression of GFP-Gpc4 in the endoderm of gpc4 mutants rescued C&E defects in all germ layers. The rescue of mesoderm was likely mediated by Wnt5b and Wnt11f2 and depended on signaling filopodia rather than on cleavage of the Gpc4 GPI anchor. Gpc4 bound both Wnt5b and Wnt11f2 and regulated formation of the filopodia that transport Wnt5b and Wnt11f2 to neighboring cells. Moreover, this rescue was suppressed by blocking signaling filopodia that extend from endodermal cells. Thus, GFP-Gpc4–labeled protrusions that emanated from endodermal cells transported Wnt5b and Wnt11f2 to other germ layers, rescuing the C&E defects caused by a gpc4 deficiency. Our study reveals a new mechanism that could explain in vivo morphogen distribution involving Gpc4.


Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2521
Author(s):  
Hui Quan ◽  
Hao Tian ◽  
Sirui Liu ◽  
Yue Xue ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
...  

Chromatin undergoes drastic structural organization and epigenetic reprogramming during embryonic development. We present here a consistent view of the chromatin structural change, epigenetic reprogramming, and the corresponding sequence-dependence in both mouse and human embryo development. The two types of domains, identified earlier as forests (CGI-rich domains) and prairies (CGI-poor domains) based on the uneven distribution of CGI in the genome, become spatially segregated during embryonic development, with the exception of zygotic genome activation (ZGA) and implantation, at which point significant domain mixing occurs. Structural segregation largely coincides with DNA methylation and gene expression changes. Genes located in mixed prairie domains show proliferation and ectoderm differentiation-related function in ZGA and implantation, respectively. The chromatin of the ectoderm shows the weakest and the endoderm the strongest domain segregation in germ layers. This chromatin structure difference between different germ layers generally enlarges upon further differentiation. The systematic chromatin structure establishment and its sequence-based segregation strongly suggest the DNA sequence as a possible driving force for the establishment of chromatin 3D structures that profoundly affect the expression profile. Other possible factors correlated with or influencing chromatin structures, including transcription, the germ layers, and the cell cycle, are discussed for an understanding of concerted chromatin structure and epigenetic changes in development.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra K Eicher ◽  
Daniel O Kechele ◽  
Nambirajan Sundaram ◽  
H Matthew Berns ◽  
Holly M Poling ◽  
...  

The development of human organoid model systems has provided new avenues for patient-specific clinical care and disease modeling. However, all organoid systems are missing important cell types that, in the embryo, get incorporated into organ tissues during development. Based on the concept of how embryonic organs are assembled, we developed an organoid assembly approach starting with cells from the three primary germ layers; enteric neuroglial, mesenchymal, and epithelial precursors, all separately derived from human pluripotent stem cells. From these we generated human gastric tissue containing differentiated glands, surrounded by layers of smooth muscle containing functional enteric neurons that controlled contractions of the engineered tissue. We used this highly tractable system to identify essential roles for the enteric nervous system in the growth and regional identity of the gastric epithelium and mesenchyme and for glandular morphogenesis of the antral stomach. This approach of starting with separately-derived germ layer components was applied to building more complex fundic and esophageal tissue, suggesting this as a new paradigm for tissue engineering.


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