What is the ‘Golgi Apparatus’ in its Classical Site within the Neurones of Vertebrates?

1959 ◽  
Vol s3-100 (51) ◽  
pp. 339-368
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Methods

A reticulum can be seen by interference microscopy in the cytoplasm of the living neurone of vertebrates. The reticulum consists of irregular, massive bodies and thin strands. There are also well-defined spaces in the cytoplasm, in contact with the reticulum; they are usually crescentic. The massive bodies are the objects commonly called Nissl bodies. The thin strands are the basiphil threads clearly recognized by Nissl himself as constituting a part of his basiphil material. The classical ‘Golgi apparatus’ of the cell-body of the neurone of vertebrates consists of a deposit of silver or of osmium on the cytoplasmic inclusions mentioned in the first paragraph, but especially on the basiphil strands, which have a particular affinity for silver. At the base of the axon there are non-basiphil threads, which are also blackened by the Golgi methods.

The Nissl-Golgi Complex in the Purkinje Cells of the Tawny Owl, Strix Aluco

1960 ◽  
Vol s3-101 (53) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Silver Impregnation ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Tawny Owl ◽  
Strix Aluco ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Golgi Methods

The purpose of this investigation was to repeat as exactly as possible the original work on the ‘apparatus’ of Golgi in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of owls, and to re-investigate these cells by modern methods. The tawny owl, Strix aluco, was used instead of the closely-related ‘Strix flammea’ of Golgi. Golgi's ‘osmio-bichromique’technique of 1898 for silver impregnation was used successfully. A reticulum corresponding to the basiphil Netz of Nissl can be seen in the living neurones by interference microscopy. The classical Golgi apparatus of the perikaryon is a deposit of silver or of osmium on this reticulum. The reticulum extends into the axons in the form of thin non-basiphil filaments, which are also blackened by Golgi methods. These findings are in conformity with recent studies of the neurones of other vertebrates.

The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Crustacea

1960 ◽  
Vol s3-101 (53) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Methods ◽  
Astacus Fluviatilis ◽  
Nissl Substance

Four kinds of cytoplasmic inclusions can be recognized in the neurones of Leander serratus and Astacus fluviatilis. These are (i) spherical or almost spherical bodies, which often show a differentiated cortex and medulla; (ii) mitochondria, in the form of minute granules and short rods; (iii) Nissl substance, uniformly dispersed; (iv) ‘trophospongial’ structures, which are connected with the surface of the cell, and ramify in the form of delicate filaments throughout the cytoplasm. Neutral red colours the spherical bodies in life; it does not seem to interfere with their optically visible structure. The spherical bodies often burst open into rods and crescents; these correspond to what other authors have called ‘Golgi apparatus’ or ‘dictyosomes’. The term ‘Golgi apparatus’ has also been applied by certain authors to the ‘trophospongial’ structures. Histochemical study reveals that the surfaces of the spherical bodies, which are blackened by osmium tetroxide or silver nitrate in the Golgi methods, respond to tests for phospholipid after an ‘unmasking’ fixative has been used. The evidence also suggests the presence of cerebroside (galactolipid) in these bodies.

scholarly journals CHONDROGENESIS, STUDIED WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel C. Godman ◽  
Keith R. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Matrix Space ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Fetal Rat ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Connective Tissue Matrix ◽  
Tissue Matrix

The role of the cells in the fabrication of a connective tissue matrix, and the structural modifications which accompany cytodifferentiation have been investigated in developing epiphyseal cartilage of fetal rat by means of electron microscopy. Differentiation of the prechondral mesenchymal cells to chondroblasts is marked by the acquisition of an extensive endoplasmic reticulum, enlargement and concentration of the Golgi apparatus, the appearance of membrane-bounded cytoplasmic inclusions, and the formation of specialized foci of increased density in the cell cortex. These modifications are related to the secretion of the cartilage matrix. The matrix of young hyaline cartilage consists of groups of relatively short, straight, banded collagen fibrils of 10 to 20 mµ and a dense granular component embedded in an amorphous ground substance of moderate electron density. It is postulated that the first phase of fibrillogenesis takes place at the cell cortex in dense bands or striae within the ectoplasm subjacent to the cell membrane. These can be resolved into sheaves of "primary" fibrils of about 7 to 10 mµ. They are supposedly shed (by excortication) into the matrix space between the separating chondroblasts, where they may serve as "cores" of the definitive matrix fibrils. The diameter of the fibrils may subsequently increase up to threefold, presumably by incorporation of "soluble" or tropocollagen units from the ground substance. The chondroblast also discharges into the matrix the electrondense amorphous or granular contents of vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, and the mixed contents of large vacuoles or blebs bounded by distinctive double membranes. Small vesicles with amorphous homogeneous contents of moderate density are expelled in toto from the chondroblasts. In their subsequent evolution to chondrocytes, both nucleus and cytoplasm of the chondroblasts undergo striking condensation. Those moving toward the osteogenic plate accumulate increasingly large stores of glycogen. In the chondrocyte, the enlarged fused Golgi vesicles with dense contents, massed in the juxtanuclear zone, are the most prominent feature of the cytoplasm. Many of these make their way to the surface to discharge their contents. The hypertrophied chondrocytes of the epiphyseal plate ultimately yield up their entire contents to the matrix.

On the Identity of the ‘Neurofibrils’, ‘Nissl complex’, ‘Golgi Apparatus’, and ‘Trophospongium’ in the Neurones of Vertebrates

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (60) ◽  
pp. 481-493
Author(s):  
G. B. DAVID ◽  
A. W. BROWN ◽  
K. B. MALLION
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Golgi Method ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Interference Microscope ◽  
Clear Space ◽  
Fixed Cell

1. Classical histological methods demonstrate 4 cytoplasmic networks in fixed vertebrate neurones: ‘neurofibrils’, ‘Nissl complex’, ‘Golgi apparatus’, and ‘trophospongium’. The work described in this paper was undertaken to find out whether the 4 networks of classical histology correspond to 4 structures recognizable as such in the living neurone, or to only one structure, which may be coloured in characteristic ways by the classical methods. 2. A single continuous network, comprising features traditionally associated with the four classical networks of the fixed cell, can be isolated by micro-dissection and detected by interference microscopy in living vertebrate neurones. 3. When living neurones are centrifuged at a moderate angular velocity, a single continuous network remains visible under the interference microscope. There does not appear to be enough clear space left for 3 other voluminous structures. 4. When living neurones are centrifuged at a high angular velocity, a single continuous network is pushed to the centrifugal pole of the cell. The remainder of the cell then contains only small separate objects. 5. A single continuous network can be detected by interference microscopy in the cytoplasm of fixed, unstained neurones. When the same cells are dyed by a Nissl method, the cytoplasmic network seen in the unstained cells becomes deeply coloured. When the same cells are bleached and then silvered by a Golgi method, the objects that before had bound the dye now are blackened by the reduced silver. The same effect is obtained when the Nissl method is used after silvering. 6. It is inferred from the results of these experiments that there is only one cytoplasmic network in living normal adult vertebrate neurones. This network is demonstrated in fixed neurones of the same type with varying degrees of faithfulness by the classical methods. It is suggested that the terms ‘neurofibrils’, ‘Nissl complex’, ‘Golgi apparatus’, and ‘trophospongium’ be abandoned.

Memoirs: A Study of the Cytoplasmic Inclusions and Nucleolar Phenomena during the Oogenesis of the Mouse

1933 ◽  
Vol s2-75 (300) ◽  
pp. 697-721
Author(s):  
R.A. R. GRESSON
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Follicle Cell ◽  
Nuclear Body ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Nucleolar Material

1. The Golgi apparatus of the germinal epithelium consists of a dark mass of material situated at one pole of the nucleus. The mitochondria occur scattered throughout the cytoplasm. 2. The Golgi material of the very early oocyte consists of rods and granules clumped together to form a large body at one pole of the nucleus; smaller masses of Golgi material may also be present. 3. In the young oocyte, surrounded by a follicle wall, a single juxta-nuclear body is present; at a later stage the individual Golgi elements break away from the juxta-nuclear body and become distributed throughout the ooplasm. 4. In the late oocytes the Golgi elements occur in close association with the mitochondrial clumps and also scattered through the ooplasm. In tubal eggs the Golgi bodies are smaller in size and more numerous than in the ovarian ova. 5. It is concluded that the large mitochondria of Lams and Doorme correspond to the oocyte Golgi elements of the present contribution. The behaviour of the Golgi material during the growth of the ovum resembles that of the eggs of other mammals. The present findings on the structure of the juxta-nuclear Golgi material agrees with Nihoul's account for the rabbit. 6. The mitochondria of the young oocytes occur scattered through the ooplasm, but are more numerous in the vicinity of the nucleus and Golgi material. Later, the majority of the mitochondria become collected into clumps; in the tubal eggs the mitochondrial clumps are more numerous. 7. The Golgi apparatus of young follicles is situated between the follicle-cell nucleus and the pole of the cell directed towards the oocyte; in follicles consisting of several layers the position of the Golgi apparatus varies, while in fully-formed follicles the Golgi material of many of the cells surrounding the follicular cavity are directed towards the cavity. This agrees with Henneguy's findings for the Golgi apparatus of the follicle-cells of the guinea-pig. The mitochondria of the follicle-cells occur scattered through the cytoplasm but are more numerous towards the pole of the cell adjoining the oocyte. 8. The number of nucleoli present in the early oocyte varies from one to five; the majority of the older oocytes contain a single nucleolus but two may be present. Extrusion into the ooplasm of nucleolar material takes place; the nucleoli and the nucleolar extrusions are basophil (Mann's methyl-blue eosin). 9. Fatty yolk is not present in the mouse ovum. It is suggested that the Golgi elements and mitochondria play some part in yolk-formation, and that some of the granules formed by the fragmentation of the nucleolar extrusions are added to the yolkglobules already present. The yolk-globules of unsegmented tubal eggs are situated towards one pole of the cell; at the twocell stage they appear to be evenly distributed between the two cells. 10. In degenerating eggs the mitochondria are clumped; the Golgi bodies occur in small groups or are closely applied to the mitochondrial clumps. In eggs which have undergone fragmentation the Golgi bodies occur in groups, while the majority of the mitochondria are clumped. The fat-globules, previously recorded by Kingery in degenerating eggs, were identified. In material treated by Ciaccio's method for the identification of fats, appearances suggest that the Golgi elements, and possibly the mitochondria, give rise to fat. Yolk-globules could not be distinguished in the late stages of these eggs.

Studies on scale morphogenesis in the Golgi apparatus of Pyramimonas tetrarhynchus (Prasinophyceae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 437-459
Author(s):  
O. Moestrup ◽  
P.L. Walne
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Scale Formation ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Developmental Sequences ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Complex Construction ◽  
Cover Cell ◽  
Scale Types

Ultrastructural investigations of scale formation in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus have been carried out on the prasinophycean flagellate Pyramimonas tetrarhynchus, whose cell surfaces are covered with 6 different scale types, 3 on the flagella and 3 on the cell body. Our results suggest that at least 4 and probably all 6 scale types can be formed together within the same cisterna and that there is some degree of intracisternal differentiation, since the formation of 2 scale types (the small underlayer scales on cell body and flagella) is restricted to the cisternal peripheries, whereas the remaining scale types are formed in the more central portions. Detailed studies of morphogenesis of the larger body scales reveal the earliest identifiable stages as 8-armed figures, with 8 thin arms in the intermediate body scales (IBS), and 4 thick and 4 thin arms in the outer body scales (OBS). From these incipients structures that bear little resemblance to the finished products, the complex, 3-dimensional mature body scales are elaborated in each of the cell's 4 distyosomes, and maintain throughout their different developmental sequences a close relationship to the inner surfaces of the cisternal membranes, as well as a particular orientation within the dictyosomes. Preliminary calculations of total numbers of scales that cover cell and flagellar surfaces are included. The small, underlayer scales, which on the flagella are shown to be arranged in 24 rows, number about 350000; larger scales of more complex construction number about 20 000.

Memoirs: The Cytoplasmic Inclusions in the Spermatogenesis of Man

1935 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (309) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
J. BRONTË GATENBY ◽  
H. W. BEAMS
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Middle Piece ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Probable Presence ◽  
Acrosome Formation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Accessory Body

The points which we have brought out in this paper are: 1. The development of the acrosome from the Golgi apparatus, which has been figured for the first time during growth, and the stages of acrosome formation in the human. 2. The almost complete break-up of the Golgi apparatus at dictyokinesis, and the late reassembly of the fragments apparently independently of the spermatid centrioles. 3. The very probable presence of a neck granule apparatus as distinct from the head or proximal centriole (c1). 4. The claim that the head centriole does not divide. The emergence of the flagellum from the proximal and distal centrioles jointly. 5. The development of the post-nuclear cap in human spermatids. 6. The apparent absence of any form of spiral body in the middle-piece. 7. The different types of Golgi apparatus in the Sertoli and spermatogenic cells. 8. The presence of a vacuole in the head of the spermatozoon. 9. The remarkable ‘nutrient syncytium’ connected with the Sertoli cells. 10. The accessory body in the cytoplasm.

Memoirs: The Effect of Ultra-Centrifuging Vertebrate Neurones

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-79 (313) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
R. H. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Diffuse Form ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
Nissl Substance

1. The Golgi apparatus may appear as a network or incomplete reticulum; it is lighter than the other cytoplasmic inclusions but its form makes its displacement difficult. Its parts never approach the periphery of the cell. The neutral-red bodies have no part in its composition. 2. There exists a separate canalicular system which is connected with the surface of the cell, and otherwise is of similar dimensions to the Golgi apparatus. It is thought to represent the trophospongium of Holmgren. It is unaffected by the centrifuge. 3. The vacuome appears in the form of isolated granules which can be osmicated after staining in neutral red. They are lighter than the cytoplasm and are separate from the Golgi apparatus, though on account of their similar density they are thought to have some spatial connexion with it. 4. The mitochondria are in the form of rods and granules which are very slightly denser than the cytoplasm, and show no evidence of having any connexion with the Golgi apparatus. 5. The Nissl substance occurs as large irregular bodies in the fixed material. It is thought to be in a diffuse form in the living cell. It is much denser than the cytoplasm.

The Effect of Acetic Acid on Cytoplasmic Inclusions

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (44) ◽  
pp. 425-429
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions

Acetic acid at 5% is not necessarily destructive of cytoplasmic inclusions. Hermann's fluid gives excellent mitochondrial preparations if tissues are postosmicated for several days at 34° C. The mitochondria are blackened by this treatment. Mann's fluid with the addition of 5% of acetic acid gives, on postosmication, very good preparations of the ‘Golgi apparatus’ of certain cells.

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