The Effect of Acetic Acid on Cytoplasmic Inclusions

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (44) ◽  
pp. 425-429
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions

Acetic acid at 5% is not necessarily destructive of cytoplasmic inclusions. Hermann's fluid gives excellent mitochondrial preparations if tissues are postosmicated for several days at 34° C. The mitochondria are blackened by this treatment. Mann's fluid with the addition of 5% of acetic acid gives, on postosmication, very good preparations of the ‘Golgi apparatus’ of certain cells.

scholarly journals On the nature of "golgi bodies” in fixed material

1927 ◽  
Vol 101 (712) ◽  
pp. 468-483 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Curved Rods ◽  
Definite Difference ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures

A great deal has been published in recent years upon cytoplasmic structures appearing in fixed material. Among them, those described as Golgi elements, bodies, apparatus and dictyosomes have, perhaps, received most attention. It is unfortunate that these, together with other structures, have been classed as “Cytoplasmic inclusions” (Gatenby, 1917-21, and others). This is a misleading term which obviously does not convey the meaning intended.. The structures or bodies referred to are supposed to arise in the cytoplasm,, or, being credited with the power of multiplication and development, to be handed on in the cytoplasm from one cell generation to another. The Golgi apparatus is described as being “ of very wide distribution among the cells of higher animals, and is known in the Protozoa, • everywhere showing the same general characters ; and there is reason to believe that the same may be true of plant cells, though considerable doubt concerning this still exists.” (Wilson, 1925.) The apparatus or elements may vary from a localised, network to scattered granules, curved rods, plates or ring-like bodies. The Golgi elements are soluble in acetic acid, and hence it has been assumed that they escaped the notice of earlier observers. No acetic acid, a very usual ingredient of fixatives, is used in the treatment of material in which Golgi elements are to be demonstrated. While chondriosomes, in suitably fixed preparations, darken in osmic acid (OsO 4 ), the Golgi apparatus appears intensely black; hence the two are sometimes supposed to be chemically related. It is claimed that chondriosomes may be differentiated from Golgi bodies by washing the preparation that has been treated with osmic acid in turpentine, when the chondriosomes turn brown, the Golgi bodies remaining intensely black. (Gatenby, 1921.) The chondriosomes, after fixation, are not dependent for their demonstration upon reduction of the reagent used (e. g., OsO 4 or A g NO 3 .), but will stain with certain aniline dyes. Hence it seems probable that there is a definite difference between them and the Golgi elements. [It seems likely that many of the structures produced by the OsO 4 process and labelled chondriosomes are not the same as those demonstrated by other methods. ( April 12, 1927.)]

scholarly journals CHONDROGENESIS, STUDIED WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel C. Godman ◽  
Keith R. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Matrix Space ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Fetal Rat ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Connective Tissue Matrix ◽  
Tissue Matrix

The role of the cells in the fabrication of a connective tissue matrix, and the structural modifications which accompany cytodifferentiation have been investigated in developing epiphyseal cartilage of fetal rat by means of electron microscopy. Differentiation of the prechondral mesenchymal cells to chondroblasts is marked by the acquisition of an extensive endoplasmic reticulum, enlargement and concentration of the Golgi apparatus, the appearance of membrane-bounded cytoplasmic inclusions, and the formation of specialized foci of increased density in the cell cortex. These modifications are related to the secretion of the cartilage matrix. The matrix of young hyaline cartilage consists of groups of relatively short, straight, banded collagen fibrils of 10 to 20 mµ and a dense granular component embedded in an amorphous ground substance of moderate electron density. It is postulated that the first phase of fibrillogenesis takes place at the cell cortex in dense bands or striae within the ectoplasm subjacent to the cell membrane. These can be resolved into sheaves of "primary" fibrils of about 7 to 10 mµ. They are supposedly shed (by excortication) into the matrix space between the separating chondroblasts, where they may serve as "cores" of the definitive matrix fibrils. The diameter of the fibrils may subsequently increase up to threefold, presumably by incorporation of "soluble" or tropocollagen units from the ground substance. The chondroblast also discharges into the matrix the electrondense amorphous or granular contents of vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, and the mixed contents of large vacuoles or blebs bounded by distinctive double membranes. Small vesicles with amorphous homogeneous contents of moderate density are expelled in toto from the chondroblasts. In their subsequent evolution to chondrocytes, both nucleus and cytoplasm of the chondroblasts undergo striking condensation. Those moving toward the osteogenic plate accumulate increasingly large stores of glycogen. In the chondrocyte, the enlarged fused Golgi vesicles with dense contents, massed in the juxtanuclear zone, are the most prominent feature of the cytoplasm. Many of these make their way to the surface to discharge their contents. The hypertrophied chondrocytes of the epiphyseal plate ultimately yield up their entire contents to the matrix.

Memoirs: A Study of the Cytoplasmic Inclusions and Nucleolar Phenomena during the Oogenesis of the Mouse

1933 ◽  
Vol s2-75 (300) ◽  
pp. 697-721
Author(s):  
R.A. R. GRESSON
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Follicle Cell ◽  
Nuclear Body ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Nucleolar Material

1. The Golgi apparatus of the germinal epithelium consists of a dark mass of material situated at one pole of the nucleus. The mitochondria occur scattered throughout the cytoplasm. 2. The Golgi material of the very early oocyte consists of rods and granules clumped together to form a large body at one pole of the nucleus; smaller masses of Golgi material may also be present. 3. In the young oocyte, surrounded by a follicle wall, a single juxta-nuclear body is present; at a later stage the individual Golgi elements break away from the juxta-nuclear body and become distributed throughout the ooplasm. 4. In the late oocytes the Golgi elements occur in close association with the mitochondrial clumps and also scattered through the ooplasm. In tubal eggs the Golgi bodies are smaller in size and more numerous than in the ovarian ova. 5. It is concluded that the large mitochondria of Lams and Doorme correspond to the oocyte Golgi elements of the present contribution. The behaviour of the Golgi material during the growth of the ovum resembles that of the eggs of other mammals. The present findings on the structure of the juxta-nuclear Golgi material agrees with Nihoul's account for the rabbit. 6. The mitochondria of the young oocytes occur scattered through the ooplasm, but are more numerous in the vicinity of the nucleus and Golgi material. Later, the majority of the mitochondria become collected into clumps; in the tubal eggs the mitochondrial clumps are more numerous. 7. The Golgi apparatus of young follicles is situated between the follicle-cell nucleus and the pole of the cell directed towards the oocyte; in follicles consisting of several layers the position of the Golgi apparatus varies, while in fully-formed follicles the Golgi material of many of the cells surrounding the follicular cavity are directed towards the cavity. This agrees with Henneguy's findings for the Golgi apparatus of the follicle-cells of the guinea-pig. The mitochondria of the follicle-cells occur scattered through the cytoplasm but are more numerous towards the pole of the cell adjoining the oocyte. 8. The number of nucleoli present in the early oocyte varies from one to five; the majority of the older oocytes contain a single nucleolus but two may be present. Extrusion into the ooplasm of nucleolar material takes place; the nucleoli and the nucleolar extrusions are basophil (Mann's methyl-blue eosin). 9. Fatty yolk is not present in the mouse ovum. It is suggested that the Golgi elements and mitochondria play some part in yolk-formation, and that some of the granules formed by the fragmentation of the nucleolar extrusions are added to the yolkglobules already present. The yolk-globules of unsegmented tubal eggs are situated towards one pole of the cell; at the twocell stage they appear to be evenly distributed between the two cells. 10. In degenerating eggs the mitochondria are clumped; the Golgi bodies occur in small groups or are closely applied to the mitochondrial clumps. In eggs which have undergone fragmentation the Golgi bodies occur in groups, while the majority of the mitochondria are clumped. The fat-globules, previously recorded by Kingery in degenerating eggs, were identified. In material treated by Ciaccio's method for the identification of fats, appearances suggest that the Golgi elements, and possibly the mitochondria, give rise to fat. Yolk-globules could not be distinguished in the late stages of these eggs.

Memoirs: The Cytoplasmic Inclusions in the Spermatogenesis of Man

1935 ◽  
Vol s2-78 (309) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
J. BRONTË GATENBY ◽  
H. W. BEAMS
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Middle Piece ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Probable Presence ◽  
Acrosome Formation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Accessory Body

The points which we have brought out in this paper are: 1. The development of the acrosome from the Golgi apparatus, which has been figured for the first time during growth, and the stages of acrosome formation in the human. 2. The almost complete break-up of the Golgi apparatus at dictyokinesis, and the late reassembly of the fragments apparently independently of the spermatid centrioles. 3. The very probable presence of a neck granule apparatus as distinct from the head or proximal centriole (c1). 4. The claim that the head centriole does not divide. The emergence of the flagellum from the proximal and distal centrioles jointly. 5. The development of the post-nuclear cap in human spermatids. 6. The apparent absence of any form of spiral body in the middle-piece. 7. The different types of Golgi apparatus in the Sertoli and spermatogenic cells. 8. The presence of a vacuole in the head of the spermatozoon. 9. The remarkable ‘nutrient syncytium’ connected with the Sertoli cells. 10. The accessory body in the cytoplasm.

Memoirs: The Effect of Ultra-Centrifuging Vertebrate Neurones

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-79 (313) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
R. H. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Diffuse Form ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
Nissl Substance

1. The Golgi apparatus may appear as a network or incomplete reticulum; it is lighter than the other cytoplasmic inclusions but its form makes its displacement difficult. Its parts never approach the periphery of the cell. The neutral-red bodies have no part in its composition. 2. There exists a separate canalicular system which is connected with the surface of the cell, and otherwise is of similar dimensions to the Golgi apparatus. It is thought to represent the trophospongium of Holmgren. It is unaffected by the centrifuge. 3. The vacuome appears in the form of isolated granules which can be osmicated after staining in neutral red. They are lighter than the cytoplasm and are separate from the Golgi apparatus, though on account of their similar density they are thought to have some spatial connexion with it. 4. The mitochondria are in the form of rods and granules which are very slightly denser than the cytoplasm, and show no evidence of having any connexion with the Golgi apparatus. 5. The Nissl substance occurs as large irregular bodies in the fixed material. It is thought to be in a diffuse form in the living cell. It is much denser than the cytoplasm.

Coloration of the Golgi-Nissl Network in a Vertebrate Neurone by Sudan Black

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (59) ◽  
pp. 387-389
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Histochemical Tests

Though it is generally considered that the cytoplasmic inclusions, commonly described as ‘Golgi apparatus’, contain phospholipid, the routine histochemical tests for lipid do not reveal the apparatus in the neurone of vertebrates. A technique for colouring the apparatus in the neurones of vertebrates with Sudan black is described in this paper.

scholarly journals The supravital staining of osteoclasts with neutral-red: their distribution on the parietal bone of normal growing mice, and a comparison with the mutants grey-lethal and hydrocephalus-3

1947 ◽  
Vol 134 (877) ◽  
pp. 467-485 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Cranial Growth ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Supravital Staining

It is shown that the osteoclasts can be supravitally stained with neutral-red so that they are clearly visible under the dissecting microscope. Their distribution on the parietal bone of normal mice at several ages from birth to 28 days and the detailed appearance of neutral-red stained osteoclasts is described. It is shown that the staining reaction varies between individual cells, and some evidence is presented as to the relation of the neutral-red granules to cytoplasmic inclusions and to the Golgi apparatus. The bearing of the data on the origin and fate of osteoclasts is discussed. It is suggested that some of the small osteoclasts arise by separation from larger ones. Preliminary experiments on the application of the method to other parts of the skeleton by injection of the dye are described. The distribution of osteoclasts on the parietal bone of the grey-lethal and hydrocephalus-3 mutants is compared with the normal and the occurrence of giant osteoclasts in the grey-lethal is noted. A comparison of the normal and the grey-lethal by osteoclast counts is reported, and the accuracy of the method assessed. It is shown that the grey-lethal is deficient in number of osteoclasts, and possibly in the amount of osteoclast material. The distribution of osteoclast size in the normal and grey-lethal is compared. Some critical suggestions are put forward concerning the influence of mechanical factors in cranial growth, and the bearing of the present data on the problem is considered. Emphasis is laid on the tendency for a normal pattern of osteoclasts to be maintained even when the mechanical conditions are probably abnormal.

scholarly journals Dictyokinesis in germ cells, or the distribution of the Golgi apparatus during cell division

1921 ◽  
Vol 92 (646) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Nuclear System ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Nerve Ganglion

In the vast majority of animal cells so far properly studied, two categories of cytoplasmic inclusions have been identified, namely, the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus generally takes the form of an excentric juxta- nuclear system or network, composed of rodlets, platelets or beads, arranged, in many cases, around and over the surface of the centrosphere or archoplasm, in which lies embedded the centrosome. In highly differentiated cells such as the oocyte or nerve ganglion cell, the Golgi apparatus becomes dispersed into the farthermost parts of the cell-cytoplasm, and in most cases therefore loses its relationship to the centrosome.

scholarly journals Memoirs: The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Germ-Cells. Part V. The Gametogenesis and early Development of Limnæa Stagnalis (L.), with Special Reference to the Golgi Apparatus and the Mitochondria

1919 ◽  
Vol s2-63 (252) ◽  
pp. 445-491
Author(s):  
J. BRONTÉ GATENBY
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Binary Fission ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Iron Alum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Limnaea Stagnalis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Special Region

(1) In the germinal epithelial cell of Limnæa stagnalis a Golgi apparatus is present. It is excentric and lies around the archoplasm, consisting of a number of rods (chondrioplasts or dictyosomes, dittosomi). (2) In the progerminative oöcyte mitochondria appear at a very early stage, but it is not known whether they exist in the indifferent germinal epithelial cell. The mitochondria lie at first in the zone of the Golgi apparatus. (3) The rods of the Golgi apparatus divide by binary fission and keep growing in number. The archoplasm upon which they repose gradually becomes divided into regions; these regions again subdivide till each Golgi rod is discrete and provided with a small part of the archoplasm, which it partly embraces. As each Golgi rod divides transversely the urchoplasm does not divide. The latter only divides by binary fission after it has become studded with a number of rodlets. (4) The Golgi apparatus gradually, from its excentric position, spreads completely throughout the egg cytoplasm, and in the full-grown oocyte is evenly distributed here and there in all parts of the egg cytoplasm. No segregation into special regions was noticed. (5) The mitochondria, from their excentric position near the Golgi apparatus, grow, divide, and spread evenly throughout the cytoplasm. The mitochondria are not all the same size; this is apparently due to the fact that some granules grow larger and more quickly than others. (6) While the egg mitochondria grow much larger than the spermatid mitochondria, it has been shown that the individual Golgi batonette or rodlet never grows beyond a certain size. The difference between the Golgi apparatus of a young oöcyte and a full-grown ovum lies, not iu the fact that the Golgi rods of the latter are individually very much larger (if at all) than those of the former, but mainly in the fact that the rods have increased enormously in number by binary fission. The individual Golgi rodlet of spermatid, young and old oöcyte are approximately subequal in size. (7) Deutoplasmagenesis, or the formation, of yolk, does not begin very early; the first yolk-discs make their appearance after the Golgi elements and mitochondria have progressed far in the process of spreading throughout the growing oöcyte. The yolk-discs do not appear in any special region of the cytoplasm, but eventually become evenly spread out. The discs at first are very small, and later grow some two or three times larger than the largest mitochondria. In Flemming-without-acetic (overnight) + iron-alum hæmatoxylin, yolk goes dark brownish-green, mitochondria black. (8) Towards the end of oögenesis the cytoplasm gradually becomes filled with vacuoles of a fluid nature. These leave a coagulum on fixation, but most of the vacuole is empty. The granules in the cytoplasm only abnormally lie in these vacuoles; yolk, Golgi elements and mitochondria lie in the trabeculas between the vacuoles.

What is the ‘Golgi Apparatus’ in its Classical Site within the Neurones of Vertebrates?

1959 ◽  
Vol s3-100 (51) ◽  
pp. 339-368
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Methods

A reticulum can be seen by interference microscopy in the cytoplasm of the living neurone of vertebrates. The reticulum consists of irregular, massive bodies and thin strands. There are also well-defined spaces in the cytoplasm, in contact with the reticulum; they are usually crescentic. The massive bodies are the objects commonly called Nissl bodies. The thin strands are the basiphil threads clearly recognized by Nissl himself as constituting a part of his basiphil material. The classical ‘Golgi apparatus’ of the cell-body of the neurone of vertebrates consists of a deposit of silver or of osmium on the cytoplasmic inclusions mentioned in the first paragraph, but especially on the basiphil strands, which have a particular affinity for silver. At the base of the axon there are non-basiphil threads, which are also blackened by the Golgi methods.

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