The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Crustacea

1960 ◽  
Vol s3-101 (53) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Methods ◽  
Astacus Fluviatilis ◽  
Nissl Substance

Four kinds of cytoplasmic inclusions can be recognized in the neurones of Leander serratus and Astacus fluviatilis. These are (i) spherical or almost spherical bodies, which often show a differentiated cortex and medulla; (ii) mitochondria, in the form of minute granules and short rods; (iii) Nissl substance, uniformly dispersed; (iv) ‘trophospongial’ structures, which are connected with the surface of the cell, and ramify in the form of delicate filaments throughout the cytoplasm. Neutral red colours the spherical bodies in life; it does not seem to interfere with their optically visible structure. The spherical bodies often burst open into rods and crescents; these correspond to what other authors have called ‘Golgi apparatus’ or ‘dictyosomes’. The term ‘Golgi apparatus’ has also been applied by certain authors to the ‘trophospongial’ structures. Histochemical study reveals that the surfaces of the spherical bodies, which are blackened by osmium tetroxide or silver nitrate in the Golgi methods, respond to tests for phospholipid after an ‘unmasking’ fixative has been used. The evidence also suggests the presence of cerebroside (galactolipid) in these bodies.

Memoirs: The Effect of Ultra-Centrifuging Vertebrate Neurones

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-79 (313) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
R. H. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Diffuse Form ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
Nissl Substance

1. The Golgi apparatus may appear as a network or incomplete reticulum; it is lighter than the other cytoplasmic inclusions but its form makes its displacement difficult. Its parts never approach the periphery of the cell. The neutral-red bodies have no part in its composition. 2. There exists a separate canalicular system which is connected with the surface of the cell, and otherwise is of similar dimensions to the Golgi apparatus. It is thought to represent the trophospongium of Holmgren. It is unaffected by the centrifuge. 3. The vacuome appears in the form of isolated granules which can be osmicated after staining in neutral red. They are lighter than the cytoplasm and are separate from the Golgi apparatus, though on account of their similar density they are thought to have some spatial connexion with it. 4. The mitochondria are in the form of rods and granules which are very slightly denser than the cytoplasm, and show no evidence of having any connexion with the Golgi apparatus. 5. The Nissl substance occurs as large irregular bodies in the fixed material. It is thought to be in a diffuse form in the living cell. It is much denser than the cytoplasm.

Memoirs: The Golgi Apparatus and Pyrenoids of Chilomonas paramecium, with remarks on the Identification of Copromonas subtilis

1940 ◽  
Vol s2-81 (324) ◽  
pp. 595-617
Author(s):  
J. BRONTÉ GATENBY ◽  
J. D. SMYTH
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Daughter Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide Solution ◽  
Cortical Substance ◽  
Two Bodies

1. In Chilomonas paramecium the contractile vacuole is surrounded by a cortical substance (Golgi apparatus) which has the power of reducing osmium tetroxide solution and thus impregnating black (Nassonow). 2. This cortex blackens thus in over 99 per cent, of individuals in a culture which has not been dividing. In a culture in which the individuals have been rapidly dividing, the percentage of unimpregnated contractile vacnoles increases considerably, up to about 5 per cent. 3. During division of Chilomonas in about 70 per cent. of cases the osmiophile substance is very equally divided between the daughter cells. The dividing cortex comes away from the contractile vacuole, which eventually collapses, new contractile vacuoles arising in the site of the divided osmiophile material. In about 25 per cent, of division stages osmication of the cortex fails to a greater or lesser degree. There is always a very distinct tendency for this failure to take place even in the best of preparations. 4. In some cases (about 3 per cent.), during division, the entire contractile vacuole and its cortex goes over whole to one individual. A new vaeuole, apparently without cortex, arises spontaneously in the other individual. It is unlikely that all of these cases are due to failure of impregnation in one of the individuals, though this possibility cannot be roled out completely. 5. The behaviour of the original contractile vacuole cavity before separation of the daughter cells is as follows. The lipoid, having partially retreated from the vacuole, becomes separated into two parts, and the centrally placed vacuole disappears (figs. 4 and 6, Pl. 36; figs. 10 and 15, Pl. 37). New vacuoles appear in the site of the lipoid bodies in each daughter cell (fig. 5, Pl. 36). 6. Two ellipsoidal accessory bodies or pyrenoids lie on a level with the vestibule. In older cultures the two bodies are often exactly the same size and colour (corrosive osmic followed by neutral red or haematoxylin), but in rapidly dividing cultures, one body may be of normal size, whereas the other may be absent or much smaller. During cell division, one body is carried across to each daughter. No exception to this was ever found. 7. Identification of the smaller Peranemidae is in a confused state. Probably several species, and possibly even genera, have been described by various authors as Scytomonas (Copromonas) subtilis.

scholarly journals The supravital staining of osteoclasts with neutral-red: their distribution on the parietal bone of normal growing mice, and a comparison with the mutants grey-lethal and hydrocephalus-3

1947 ◽  
Vol 134 (877) ◽  
pp. 467-485 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Cranial Growth ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Supravital Staining

It is shown that the osteoclasts can be supravitally stained with neutral-red so that they are clearly visible under the dissecting microscope. Their distribution on the parietal bone of normal mice at several ages from birth to 28 days and the detailed appearance of neutral-red stained osteoclasts is described. It is shown that the staining reaction varies between individual cells, and some evidence is presented as to the relation of the neutral-red granules to cytoplasmic inclusions and to the Golgi apparatus. The bearing of the data on the origin and fate of osteoclasts is discussed. It is suggested that some of the small osteoclasts arise by separation from larger ones. Preliminary experiments on the application of the method to other parts of the skeleton by injection of the dye are described. The distribution of osteoclasts on the parietal bone of the grey-lethal and hydrocephalus-3 mutants is compared with the normal and the occurrence of giant osteoclasts in the grey-lethal is noted. A comparison of the normal and the grey-lethal by osteoclast counts is reported, and the accuracy of the method assessed. It is shown that the grey-lethal is deficient in number of osteoclasts, and possibly in the amount of osteoclast material. The distribution of osteoclast size in the normal and grey-lethal is compared. Some critical suggestions are put forward concerning the influence of mechanical factors in cranial growth, and the bearing of the present data on the problem is considered. Emphasis is laid on the tendency for a normal pattern of osteoclasts to be maintained even when the mechanical conditions are probably abnormal.

Memoirs: The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of Certain Plant Cells

1928 ◽  
Vol s2-72 (287) ◽  
pp. 387-401
Author(s):  
RUTH PATTEN ◽  
MARGARET SCOTT ◽  
J. BRONTË GATENBY
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Corrosive Sublimate ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Reliable Evidence ◽  
Golgi Methods

1. The plant cell has the following cytoplasmic inclusions: (a) Mitochondria (chondriome). (b) Plastids (plastidome), probably derived from mitochondria. (c) Golgi elements (osmiophilic platelets of Bowen). 2. Plant cells often contain vacuolar spaces filled with a watery fluid. These spaces are sometimes canalicular in arrangement, as shown by Bensley eighteen years ago. 3. There is no evidence that these vacuoles are: (a) Formed from self-perpetuating primordia. (b) Possessed of a lipoid membrane. (c) Associated with the Golgi elements (platelets). 4. There is no reliable evidence that the plant-cell cytoplasm contains any type of protoplasmic inclusion not also found in animal cells, for the plasts are probably enlarged mitochondria, as has been suggested by Mottier, Guilliermond, and others. 5. The so-called ‘vacuome’ drawn by Bowen (this paper, p. 391) is found almost always in Weigl (Mann-Kopsch) preparations. Such ‘vacuoles’ and primordia are possibly corrosive-osmic artefacts caused by the non-ability of water to wash out the corrosive sublimate of the Mann's fluid, previous to osmication. 6. The osmiophilic platelets are demonstrable by the Kolatchev and Mann-Kopsch methods, but we have not so far succeeded in showing them with Benda, Flemming-without-acetic, haematoxylin, Champy-haematoxylin, or the silver-nitrate Golgi methods. They resemble closely the dictyosomes of Hemipterous germ cells.

What is the ‘Golgi Apparatus’ in its Classical Site within the Neurones of Vertebrates?

1959 ◽  
Vol s3-100 (51) ◽  
pp. 339-368
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Methods

A reticulum can be seen by interference microscopy in the cytoplasm of the living neurone of vertebrates. The reticulum consists of irregular, massive bodies and thin strands. There are also well-defined spaces in the cytoplasm, in contact with the reticulum; they are usually crescentic. The massive bodies are the objects commonly called Nissl bodies. The thin strands are the basiphil threads clearly recognized by Nissl himself as constituting a part of his basiphil material. The classical ‘Golgi apparatus’ of the cell-body of the neurone of vertebrates consists of a deposit of silver or of osmium on the cytoplasmic inclusions mentioned in the first paragraph, but especially on the basiphil strands, which have a particular affinity for silver. At the base of the axon there are non-basiphil threads, which are also blackened by the Golgi methods.

A Comparative Histochemical Study of the ‘Golgi Apparatus’

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (57) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Histochemical Methods ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Limnaea Stagnalis

The purpose of this investigation was to find out the responses of Golgi's net in the neurones of vertebrates to various dyes and histochemical reagents, and to compare these responses with those given by the ‘dictyosomes’ of the cells of invertebrates. Dictyosomes are regarded by many cytologists as the homologue of Golgi's net. The young oocyte of Limnaea stagnalis was chosen as a cell that possesses typical dictyosomes, which have recently been examined by histochemical methods. The object that presents the characteristic Golgi pictures in the neurones of vertebrates is essentially different, not only in ultrastructure but also in its chemical composition, from those that represent in life the ‘dictyosomes’ of invertebrates. The dictyosomes of the oocyte react positively to tests for phospholipid and cerebroside, whereas Golgi's net is negative to these tests. Tests for arginine and for ribonucleic acid are positive for Golgi's net, but not for the dictyosomes of the oocyte. The dictyosomes are intensely stained by Rawitz's inversion staining technique and also by acid fuchsine (Metzner) and by iron haematoxylin, but these techniques do not show the net in the neurones of vertebrates. Golgi's net is resistant to embedding in paraffin after fixation in Clarke's (Carnoy's) fluid, but the dictyosomes are not. Neutral red is taken up during life by the object representing the dictyosomes, but not by the net of Golgi.

scholarly journals THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE PURKINJE CELL

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Herndon
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Osmiophilic Granules ◽  
Subsurface Cisterns ◽  
Axosomatic Synapses ◽  
Unique Relationship ◽  
Nissl Substance

This paper describes the fine structure of the Purkinje cell of the rat cerebellum after fixation by perfusion with 1 per cent buffered osmium tetroxide. Structures described include a large Golgi apparatus, abundant Nissl substance, mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, osmiophilic granules, axodendritic and axosomatic synapses, the nucleus, the nucleolus, and the nucleolar body. A new and possibly unique relationship between mitochondria and subsurface cisterns is described. Possible functional correlations are discussed.

Some Observations Concerning the Supposed Identity of the Golgi Apparatus and Nissl Substance of Neurones

1963 ◽  
Vol s3-104 (65) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
OWEN LEWIS THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Nissl Substance

In nerve-cells the cytoplasmic inclusions commonly described as the Golgi apparatus are not identical with the basiphil Nissl substance.

scholarly journals The fine structure produced in cells by primary fixatives 2. Potassium dichromate

1965 ◽  
Vol s3-106 (73) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Potassium Dichromate Solution ◽  
Zymogen Granules ◽  
Mouse Pancreas

The exocrine cells of the mouse pancreas were fixed in potassium dichromate solution, embedded in araldite or other suitable medium, and examined by electron microscopy. Almost every part of these cells is seriously distorted or destroyed by this fixative. The ergastoplasm is generally unrecognizable, the mitochondria and zymogen granules are seldom visible, and no sign of the plasma membrane, microvilli, or Golgi apparatus is seen. The contents of the nucleus are profoundly rearranged. It is seen to contain a large, dark, irregularly shaped, finely granular object; the evidence suggests that this consists of coagulated histone. The sole constituent of the cell that is well fixed is the inner nuclear membrane. The destructive properties of potassium dichromate are much mitigated when it is mixed in suitable proportions with osmium tetroxide or formaldehyde.

scholarly journals The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of a Mammalian Sympathetic Neurone: A Histochemical Study

1955 ◽  
Vol s3-96 (33) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
W. G. BRUCE CASSELMAN ◽  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Histochemical Methods ◽  
Histochemical Tests

1. The neurones studied were those of the anterior mesenteric and coeliac ganglia of immature rabbits. 2. Ectoplasm and endoplasm can be distinguished in these cells. 3. Two kinds of cytoplasmic inclusions occur. These are (a) spherical or spheroid lipid globules or lipochondria, which are confined to the endoplasm; and (b) very minute threads and granules, regarded as mitochondria. 4. A wide variety of histochemical tests was used. The results indicate that the lipochondria consist of galactolipid (cerebrosid) and phospholipid, though the smallest ones may perhaps consist of galactolipid only. 5. The objects regarded as mitochondria are too small for accurate investigation by in situ histochemical methods, but they give positive reactions for phospholipid and protein.

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