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MEST Journal ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Ewa Salkiewicz-Munnerlyn

The present contribution deals with the issue of human rights in armed conflicts versus the concept of war. This distinction was made in Article 2, and the same in all four Geneva Convention of 1949. In this article, the distinction is made between the universal system of human rights and the International Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflicts (IHLAC). The difference of application between these two sets of law relies on the fact, that the universal agreements of human rights always apply, both in armed conflict and peace when the IHLAC applies only in times of armed conflicts. There is a difference between them in the regulation. Human rights regulate the relationship between the state and persons under its jurisdiction, regardless of their nationality and the IHLAC applies to states and individuals or armed groups distinguishing between a civilian or a veteran. About the compliance control, it is a different system too, for the IHLAC, it is the ICRC and criminal tribunals, and for human rights, there are different committees of tribunals like the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The exam of the jurisprudence of the ECtHR shows, that it does not make a distinction between a state of war and peace, which is called the humanization of the law of armed conflicts. Also, the very important question of the fragmentation of international law is examined, based on the jurisprudence of the ICJ.


2022 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Th. Grabowski ◽  
Amir Abdulmawjood ◽  
Fatma Acheuk ◽  
Karol Barragán Fonseca ◽  
Ty Chhay ◽  
...  

For almost a decade, edible insects have become promoted on a wider basis as one way to combat world hunger and malnourishment, although attempts to do so have a longer history. Contemporary researchers and consumers, particularly those without an entomophagous background, have been rising safety and sustainability concerns. The present contribution seeks a substantiated answer to the question posed above. The possible answer consists of different factors that have been taken into consideration. First, the species and its life cycle. It is mandatory to realize that what is labeled as “edible insects” stands for more than 2,140 animal species, not counting other edible, non-crustacean arthropods. Their life cycles are as diverse as the ecological niches these animals can fill and last between some days to several years and many of them may—or may not—be reproduced in the different farming systems. Second, the level of knowledge concerning the food use of a given species is important, be it traditional, newly created by research, or a combination of both. Third, the existence of a traditional method of making the use of the insect safe and sustainable, ideally from both the traditional and the modern points of view. Fourth, the degree of effectiveness of these measures despite globalization changes in the food-supplying network. Fifth, farming conditions, particularly housing, feeding (type, composition, and contaminants), animal health and animal welfare. Sixth, processing, transport, and storage conditions of both traditional and novel insect-based foodstuffs, and seventh, consumer awareness and acceptance of these products. These main variables create a complex web of possibilities, just as with other foodstuffs that are either harvested from the wild or farmed. In this way, food safety may be reached when proper hygiene protocols are observed (which usually include heating steps) and the animals do not contain chemical residues or environment contaminants. A varying degree of sustainability can be achieved if the aforementioned variables are heeded. Hence, the question if insects can be safe and sustainable can be answered with “jein,” a German portmanteau word joining “yes” (“ja”) and “no” (“nein”).


2022 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Dorota Czerski ◽  
Daphné Giacomazzi ◽  
Cristian Scapozza

Abstract. The present contribution aims to provide better knowledge on the evolution of the fluvial environments of the Ticino river alluvial plain, highlighting the complex interaction of the Ticino river and its lateral tributaries with the human communities since the Neolithic. The study considers information derived from historical sources, from previous research on three sites based in the Ticino river floodplain and from data of six archaeological sites located on four alluvial fans. For the investigated sites the analyses of the lithostratigraphy and the archaeological evidence were constrained with radiocarbon dating, providing the interpretation of the depositional context of the studied sequences and their correlation with the cultural periods and epochs defined for the southern Swiss Alps. The combined approach allowed for the definition of 13 phases of enhanced hydro-sedimentary activity from the Neolithic to the contemporary period. The possible palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic causes, as well as the impacts of these phases on the human settlements, are discussed.


2022 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukonthip Savatenalinton

A new genus, Thaicypris gen. nov., in the tribe Herpetocypridini Kaufmann, 1900 of the subfamily Herpetocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900 is established to accommodate a new species from Thailand. The present contribution deals with the description of a new genus and species, Thaicypris panhai gen. et sp. nov., which is mainly characterized by the distinctive and raised, inwardly displaced selvage at the postero-ventral part of the right valve (RV) that is not parallel to the valve margin, the absence of an anterior inner list on the RV, the prominent and elevated double inner list on the posterior part of the left valve, the small and three-segmented Rome organ on the first antenna (A1), the spatulated terminal segment of the maxillular (Mx1) palp, the slender caudal ramus (CR) with long and thin Sp seta, the presence of basal triangle on the CR attachment, and the pointed projection at the terminal segment base of the prehensile palps. The hemipenis of the new genus and species is outstanding, especially the medial lateral shield which has a long, beak-shaped protrusion on the distal part. The discovery of this Thai taxon is the first record of the tribe Herpetocypridini in Thailand and the second species of the tribe in Southeast Asia.


Minerals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Micol Bussolesi ◽  
Giovanni Grieco ◽  
Alessandro Cavallo ◽  
Federica Zaccarini

Mg-Fe2+ diffusion patterns in olivine and chromite are useful tools for the study of the thermal history of ultramafic massifs. In the present contribution, we applied the exponential modeling of diffusion patterns to geothermometry and geospeedometry of chromitite ores from two different ophiolite contexts. The Iballe ophiolite (Northern Albania) hosts several chromitite pods within dunites. Primary and re-equilibrated Mg#, estimated by using an exponential function, provided re-equilibration and primary temperatures ranging between 677 and 996 °C for chromitites and between 527 and 806 °C for dunites. Cooling rates for chromitites are higher than for dunites, suggesting a different genesis for the two lithologies, confirmed also by spinel mineral chemistry. Chromitites with MORB affinity formed in a SSZ setting at a proto-forearc early stage, explaining the higher cooling rates, while dunites, with boninitic affinity, were formed deeper in the mantle in a more mature subduction setting. At the Nea Roda ophiolite (Northern Greece) olivine in chromitites do not show Mg-Fe variations, and transformation into ferrian chromite produced “fake” diffusion patterns within chromite. The absence of diffusion patterns and the low estimated temperatures (550–656 °C) suggest that Nea Roda chromitites were completely re-equilibrated during an amphibolite-facies metamorphic event that obliterated all primary features.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingzhi Zhu ◽  
Danping Wu ◽  
Jiehong Chen ◽  
Na Ma ◽  
Wei Dai

Water instability issue greatly restrict the application of Cu-BTC for cationic dye (e.g. methylene blue (MB)) capture from wastewater. In the present contribution, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) thin film was novelty grew...


2021 ◽  
Vol Volume II (December 2021) ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Anna-Vanadis Faix

Democratisation is a topic that is increasingly finding its way into the economic debate and is also becoming more and more of a trend within companies. The debates reveal various advantages and disadvantages of democratising companies. Within the various models of democratisation of companies, however, there seems to be a lack of coherent integration of the theoretical integration of this into the broad corporate structures – at least within business perspective. These often refer to orthodox theoretical foundations of hierarchical structures and corporate orientations, which in principle oppose and partly run counter to various forms of democratisation. In the present contribution, minimal conditions are to be worked out on the basis of democracy as cooperation and applied to the most elementary corporate structures. In such a coherent orientation and embedding, it can be shown that disadvantages of democratisation in the corporate context can be reduced and innovation and thus competitiveness can be promoted in a multidimensional way.


Author(s):  
Francesco Parrinello ◽  
Ivano Benedetti

The present contribution proposes a formulation based on the use of hybrid equilibrium elements (HEEs), for the analysis of inter-element delamination and fracture propagation problems. HEEs are defined in terms of quadratic stress fields, which strongly verify both the homogeneous and inter-element equilibrium equations and they are employed with interfaces, initially exhibiting rigid behavior, embedded at the elements’ sides. The interface model is formulated in terms of the same degrees of freedom of the HEE, without any additional burden. The cohesive zone model (CZM) of the extrinsic interface is rigorously developed in the damage mechanics framework, with perfect adhesion at the pre-failure condition and with linear softening at the post-failure regime. After a brief review, the formulation is computationally tested by simulating the behavior of a double-cantilever-beam with diagonal loads; the obtained numerical results confirm the accuracy and potential of the method.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Konrad Katzer ◽  
Anas Kanan ◽  
Sascha Pfeil ◽  
Henriette Grellmann ◽  
Gerald Gerlach ◽  
...  

The present contribution aims towards a thermo-electro-mechanical characterization of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). To this end, an experimental setup is proposed in order to evaluate the PDMS-based DEA behavior under the influence of various rates of mechanical loading, different ambient temperatures, and varying values of an applied electric voltage. To obtain mechanical, electro-mechanical and thermo-mechanical experimental data, the passive behavior of the material, as well as the material’s response when electrically activated, was tested. The influence of the solid electrode on the dielectric layer’s surface was also examined. Moreover, this work focuses on the production of such DEA, the experimental setup and the interpretation and evaluation of the obtained mechanical hysteresis loops. Finite element modeling approaches were used in order to model the passive and the electro-mechanically active response of the material. A comparison between experimental and simulation results was performed.


Arabica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 628-661
Author(s):  
José Bellver

Abstract MS Tunis, Dār al-kutub al-waṭaniyya, 7116, is the only extant manuscript containing a complete copy of the Isḥāq/Ṯābit version of the Almagest. Paul Kunitzsch has underlined the close similarities between the marginal notes in the Tunis manuscript and those in Gerard of Cremona’s Latin translation of the Almagest, so that Kunitzsch has concluded that Gerard of Cremona had a manuscript close to the Tunis manuscript before him during the revision of his translation of the Almagest. A note in MS Tunis, Dār al-kutub al-waṭaniyya, 7116, points out that this manuscript was copied from a model owned by al-Arawšī, a bibliophile living in Valencia famous for the size of his library, a significant part of which was looted by al-Maʾmūn b. Ḏī l-Nūn and sent to Toledo, arguably shortly before Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī wrote his Ṭabaqāt al-umam. Based on MS Tunis, Dār al-kutub al-waṭaniyya, 7116, the present contribution explores the significance of al-Arawšī’s looted library as an important link between Umayyad Cordoba and Toledo. It also calls attention to the highly unusual paper of MS Tunis, Dār al-kutub al-waṭaniyya, 7116, made of woven fibers, maybe flax.


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