Memoirs: The Effect of Ultra-Centrifuging Vertebrate Neurones

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-79 (313) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
R. H. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Diffuse Form ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
Nissl Substance

1. The Golgi apparatus may appear as a network or incomplete reticulum; it is lighter than the other cytoplasmic inclusions but its form makes its displacement difficult. Its parts never approach the periphery of the cell. The neutral-red bodies have no part in its composition. 2. There exists a separate canalicular system which is connected with the surface of the cell, and otherwise is of similar dimensions to the Golgi apparatus. It is thought to represent the trophospongium of Holmgren. It is unaffected by the centrifuge. 3. The vacuome appears in the form of isolated granules which can be osmicated after staining in neutral red. They are lighter than the cytoplasm and are separate from the Golgi apparatus, though on account of their similar density they are thought to have some spatial connexion with it. 4. The mitochondria are in the form of rods and granules which are very slightly denser than the cytoplasm, and show no evidence of having any connexion with the Golgi apparatus. 5. The Nissl substance occurs as large irregular bodies in the fixed material. It is thought to be in a diffuse form in the living cell. It is much denser than the cytoplasm.

The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Crustacea

1960 ◽  
Vol s3-101 (53) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Methods ◽  
Astacus Fluviatilis ◽  
Nissl Substance

Four kinds of cytoplasmic inclusions can be recognized in the neurones of Leander serratus and Astacus fluviatilis. These are (i) spherical or almost spherical bodies, which often show a differentiated cortex and medulla; (ii) mitochondria, in the form of minute granules and short rods; (iii) Nissl substance, uniformly dispersed; (iv) ‘trophospongial’ structures, which are connected with the surface of the cell, and ramify in the form of delicate filaments throughout the cytoplasm. Neutral red colours the spherical bodies in life; it does not seem to interfere with their optically visible structure. The spherical bodies often burst open into rods and crescents; these correspond to what other authors have called ‘Golgi apparatus’ or ‘dictyosomes’. The term ‘Golgi apparatus’ has also been applied by certain authors to the ‘trophospongial’ structures. Histochemical study reveals that the surfaces of the spherical bodies, which are blackened by osmium tetroxide or silver nitrate in the Golgi methods, respond to tests for phospholipid after an ‘unmasking’ fixative has been used. The evidence also suggests the presence of cerebroside (galactolipid) in these bodies.

Memoirs: The Golgi Apparatus of Copromonas Subtilis, and Euglena sp

1938 ◽  
Vol s2-80 (320) ◽  
pp. 567-591
Author(s):  
J. BRONTË GATENBY ◽  
B. N. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Contractile Vacuoles ◽  
Osmoregulatory Mechanism

1. In Copromonas subtilis , Dobell, and Euglena sp. there is a Golgi apparatus consisting of osmiophil material in the form of granules, which are associated with the osmoregulatory mechanism of the cell. 2. Inside the granules, water collects, so that they become spherical vacuoles, identical with what have in the past been called contractile vacuoles (Copromonas) or accessory contractile vacuoles (Euglena viridis). 3. In Euglena viridis, the Golgi apparatus is closely applied to the so-called contractile vacuole, and consists of numerous loaf-shaped osmiophil bodies which undergo a regular series of changes from systole to diastole, and vice versa. 4. In Copromonas, the osmiophil material may form a thick cortex surrounding what has been called the reservoir, it may be attached to the reservoir in fairly regular loafshaped bodies as in Euglena, or it may be completely detached from the reservoir. 5. The so-called contractile vacuoles of Copromonas are vesicles containing water, which are formed on the site of the osmiophil granules. 6. As far as we are able to say at present, the reservoir of Copromonas is indistinguishable from an enlarged contractile vacuole, and new reservoirs probably arise from swollen contractile vacuoles. It is difficult to believe that the reservoir divides into two, as has been claimed by Dobell. 7. During division of Copromonas, two reservoirs can nearly always be found in the early stages before the nucleus becomes dumb-bell shaped. These seem to have originated from the osmiophil vacuoles. 8. The remaining osmiophil material, when present, moves slightly down the cell, occupying a place in the mid-line. When the new cell-wall between the two organisms has passed down, about one-third the length of the dividing monad, the osmiophil material splits into two sub-equal groups and is so divided between the two organisms. There is therefore a definite dictyokinesis to be found in Copromonas. 9. Just at or after this period, the osmiophil material may become scattered about the upper middle and upper region of the dividing monads, but finally becomes situated in the region of the reservoir. 10. The osmiophil material (Golgi apparatus) persists throughout conjugation and encystment, even when a reservoir cannot be found. 11. There is a rhizoplast joining the basal granule of the flagellum with the intra-nuclear nucleolo-centrosome, and an axostyle is present, passing from the basal granule to the posterior end of the organism. 12. During cell division, the basal granule divides into two and appears to lose its connexion with the two nucleolo-centrosomes of the dividing nucleus. The axostyle appears to be absorbed in the early stages of division and cannot be stained at this epoch, but reappears in each moiety of the dividing organism, when the nucleus is dumb-bell shaped. It appears to reform when the two basal granules have taken their definitive position at the anterior end of the cells. 13. We agree with Wenyon that one flagellum passes over intact to one of the daughter cells at division, the other flagellum arises from the other basal granule. 14. Numerous fat granules are found throughout the organism; what have been called volutin granules in other Protozoa are present in Copromonas, and stain in neutral red. 15. Mitochondria are present mainly in the posterior region of the organism.

Memoirs: The Golgi Apparatus and Pyrenoids of Chilomonas paramecium, with remarks on the Identification of Copromonas subtilis

1940 ◽  
Vol s2-81 (324) ◽  
pp. 595-617
Author(s):  
J. BRONTÉ GATENBY ◽  
J. D. SMYTH
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Daughter Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide Solution ◽  
Cortical Substance ◽  
Two Bodies

1. In Chilomonas paramecium the contractile vacuole is surrounded by a cortical substance (Golgi apparatus) which has the power of reducing osmium tetroxide solution and thus impregnating black (Nassonow). 2. This cortex blackens thus in over 99 per cent, of individuals in a culture which has not been dividing. In a culture in which the individuals have been rapidly dividing, the percentage of unimpregnated contractile vacnoles increases considerably, up to about 5 per cent. 3. During division of Chilomonas in about 70 per cent. of cases the osmiophile substance is very equally divided between the daughter cells. The dividing cortex comes away from the contractile vacuole, which eventually collapses, new contractile vacuoles arising in the site of the divided osmiophile material. In about 25 per cent, of division stages osmication of the cortex fails to a greater or lesser degree. There is always a very distinct tendency for this failure to take place even in the best of preparations. 4. In some cases (about 3 per cent.), during division, the entire contractile vacuole and its cortex goes over whole to one individual. A new vaeuole, apparently without cortex, arises spontaneously in the other individual. It is unlikely that all of these cases are due to failure of impregnation in one of the individuals, though this possibility cannot be roled out completely. 5. The behaviour of the original contractile vacuole cavity before separation of the daughter cells is as follows. The lipoid, having partially retreated from the vacuole, becomes separated into two parts, and the centrally placed vacuole disappears (figs. 4 and 6, Pl. 36; figs. 10 and 15, Pl. 37). New vacuoles appear in the site of the lipoid bodies in each daughter cell (fig. 5, Pl. 36). 6. Two ellipsoidal accessory bodies or pyrenoids lie on a level with the vestibule. In older cultures the two bodies are often exactly the same size and colour (corrosive osmic followed by neutral red or haematoxylin), but in rapidly dividing cultures, one body may be of normal size, whereas the other may be absent or much smaller. During cell division, one body is carried across to each daughter. No exception to this was ever found. 7. Identification of the smaller Peranemidae is in a confused state. Probably several species, and possibly even genera, have been described by various authors as Scytomonas (Copromonas) subtilis.

Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Gastropods

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (41) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Complete Ring ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Lipid Component

The neurones of the sub-oesophageal ganglionic mass of the Simla slug, Anadenus altivagus, and the Bharwain snail, Euaustenia cassida, have been investigated by phasecontrast microscopy of the living cells and in fixed preparations. The mitochondria are seen as granules and filaments in both living and fixed material. Alignment of granules into filamentous mitochondria has also been observed in the fixed preparations. The lipid spheroids (corresponding to the ‘binary spheroids’ of Thomas and the ‘lipochondria’ of Roque) are sudanophil, osmiophil, and argentophil. The bigger spheroids show a duplex structure, consisting of a cortical, chromophil, lipid component, which may be in the form of a complete ring (Anadenus) or in the form of one or two granules or a crescent (Anadenus and Euaustenia), and a chromophobe medulla (neutral red vacuome of Parat), in which lipochrome develops to form the ‘mulberry spheroids’ of Thomas. The small homogeneous lipid spheroids also contribute to the formation of ‘mulberry spheroids’.

scholarly journals The supravital staining of osteoclasts with neutral-red: their distribution on the parietal bone of normal growing mice, and a comparison with the mutants grey-lethal and hydrocephalus-3

1947 ◽  
Vol 134 (877) ◽  
pp. 467-485 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Cranial Growth ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Supravital Staining

It is shown that the osteoclasts can be supravitally stained with neutral-red so that they are clearly visible under the dissecting microscope. Their distribution on the parietal bone of normal mice at several ages from birth to 28 days and the detailed appearance of neutral-red stained osteoclasts is described. It is shown that the staining reaction varies between individual cells, and some evidence is presented as to the relation of the neutral-red granules to cytoplasmic inclusions and to the Golgi apparatus. The bearing of the data on the origin and fate of osteoclasts is discussed. It is suggested that some of the small osteoclasts arise by separation from larger ones. Preliminary experiments on the application of the method to other parts of the skeleton by injection of the dye are described. The distribution of osteoclasts on the parietal bone of the grey-lethal and hydrocephalus-3 mutants is compared with the normal and the occurrence of giant osteoclasts in the grey-lethal is noted. A comparison of the normal and the grey-lethal by osteoclast counts is reported, and the accuracy of the method assessed. It is shown that the grey-lethal is deficient in number of osteoclasts, and possibly in the amount of osteoclast material. The distribution of osteoclast size in the normal and grey-lethal is compared. Some critical suggestions are put forward concerning the influence of mechanical factors in cranial growth, and the bearing of the present data on the problem is considered. Emphasis is laid on the tendency for a normal pattern of osteoclasts to be maintained even when the mechanical conditions are probably abnormal.

Some Cytological Features of Epididymal Cells in the Rat

1958 ◽  
Vol s3-99 (47) ◽  
pp. 295-314
Author(s):  
B. L. REID
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
Living Material ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Living material was photographed by phase-contrast miocroscopy. Fixed material was stained for mitochondria or post-osmicated. The findings show a close conformity between the pictures in living and fixed cells, except that the so-called Golgi apparatus, whilst very apparent in some zones by both techniques, in other zones is well represented after osmication but not in the living cell. Reasons for this are proposed. Studies by earlier workers on the mitochondrial pattern are confirmed. There is an increased density and decreased length of rods down the length of the epididymalduct. The relationship of the chondriome to the osmiophil material varies in the different zones; in some, close association with permeation is found, while in others the separation is complete. General observations upon living epididymal cells are recorded. These include the effects of different suspending media and the changes undergone by the cells after their isolation. A close study has been made of the free (stereociliated) border of the cells.

scholarly journals On the nature of "golgi bodies” in fixed material

1927 ◽  
Vol 101 (712) ◽  
pp. 468-483 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Curved Rods ◽  
Definite Difference ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures

A great deal has been published in recent years upon cytoplasmic structures appearing in fixed material. Among them, those described as Golgi elements, bodies, apparatus and dictyosomes have, perhaps, received most attention. It is unfortunate that these, together with other structures, have been classed as “Cytoplasmic inclusions” (Gatenby, 1917-21, and others). This is a misleading term which obviously does not convey the meaning intended.. The structures or bodies referred to are supposed to arise in the cytoplasm,, or, being credited with the power of multiplication and development, to be handed on in the cytoplasm from one cell generation to another. The Golgi apparatus is described as being “ of very wide distribution among the cells of higher animals, and is known in the Protozoa, • everywhere showing the same general characters ; and there is reason to believe that the same may be true of plant cells, though considerable doubt concerning this still exists.” (Wilson, 1925.) The apparatus or elements may vary from a localised, network to scattered granules, curved rods, plates or ring-like bodies. The Golgi elements are soluble in acetic acid, and hence it has been assumed that they escaped the notice of earlier observers. No acetic acid, a very usual ingredient of fixatives, is used in the treatment of material in which Golgi elements are to be demonstrated. While chondriosomes, in suitably fixed preparations, darken in osmic acid (OsO 4 ), the Golgi apparatus appears intensely black; hence the two are sometimes supposed to be chemically related. It is claimed that chondriosomes may be differentiated from Golgi bodies by washing the preparation that has been treated with osmic acid in turpentine, when the chondriosomes turn brown, the Golgi bodies remaining intensely black. (Gatenby, 1921.) The chondriosomes, after fixation, are not dependent for their demonstration upon reduction of the reagent used (e. g., OsO 4 or A g NO 3 .), but will stain with certain aniline dyes. Hence it seems probable that there is a definite difference between them and the Golgi elements. [It seems likely that many of the structures produced by the OsO 4 process and labelled chondriosomes are not the same as those demonstrated by other methods. ( April 12, 1927.)]

Some Observations Concerning the Supposed Identity of the Golgi Apparatus and Nissl Substance of Neurones

1963 ◽  
Vol s3-104 (65) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
OWEN LEWIS THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Nissl Substance

In nerve-cells the cytoplasmic inclusions commonly described as the Golgi apparatus are not identical with the basiphil Nissl substance.

Golgi Apparatus and Melanogenesis: Ultrastructural Study of a Human Cellular Blue Nevus (Melanocytoma)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 380-381
Author(s):  
S.R. Allegra
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Nevus ◽  
Normal Complement ◽  
Golgi Vesicles ◽  
Golgi System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cellular Blue Nevus

The respective roles of the ribo somes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and perhaps nucleus in the synthesis and maturation of melanosomes is still the subject of some controversy. While the early melanosomes (premelanosomes) have been frequently demonstrated to originate as Golgi vesicles, it is undeniable that these structures can be formed in cells in which Golgi system is not found. This report was prompted by the findings in an essentially amelanotic human cellular blue nevus (melanocytoma) of two distinct lines of melanocytes one of which was devoid of any trace of Golgi apparatus while the other had normal complement of this organelle.

scholarly journals CHONDROGENESIS, STUDIED WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel C. Godman ◽  
Keith R. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Matrix Space ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Fetal Rat ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Connective Tissue Matrix ◽  
Tissue Matrix

The role of the cells in the fabrication of a connective tissue matrix, and the structural modifications which accompany cytodifferentiation have been investigated in developing epiphyseal cartilage of fetal rat by means of electron microscopy. Differentiation of the prechondral mesenchymal cells to chondroblasts is marked by the acquisition of an extensive endoplasmic reticulum, enlargement and concentration of the Golgi apparatus, the appearance of membrane-bounded cytoplasmic inclusions, and the formation of specialized foci of increased density in the cell cortex. These modifications are related to the secretion of the cartilage matrix. The matrix of young hyaline cartilage consists of groups of relatively short, straight, banded collagen fibrils of 10 to 20 mµ and a dense granular component embedded in an amorphous ground substance of moderate electron density. It is postulated that the first phase of fibrillogenesis takes place at the cell cortex in dense bands or striae within the ectoplasm subjacent to the cell membrane. These can be resolved into sheaves of "primary" fibrils of about 7 to 10 mµ. They are supposedly shed (by excortication) into the matrix space between the separating chondroblasts, where they may serve as "cores" of the definitive matrix fibrils. The diameter of the fibrils may subsequently increase up to threefold, presumably by incorporation of "soluble" or tropocollagen units from the ground substance. The chondroblast also discharges into the matrix the electrondense amorphous or granular contents of vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, and the mixed contents of large vacuoles or blebs bounded by distinctive double membranes. Small vesicles with amorphous homogeneous contents of moderate density are expelled in toto from the chondroblasts. In their subsequent evolution to chondrocytes, both nucleus and cytoplasm of the chondroblasts undergo striking condensation. Those moving toward the osteogenic plate accumulate increasingly large stores of glycogen. In the chondrocyte, the enlarged fused Golgi vesicles with dense contents, massed in the juxtanuclear zone, are the most prominent feature of the cytoplasm. Many of these make their way to the surface to discharge their contents. The hypertrophied chondrocytes of the epiphyseal plate ultimately yield up their entire contents to the matrix.

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