scholarly journals Development of swimming movements and musculature of larval herring (Clupea harengus)

1984 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Batty
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Resistive Forces ◽  
Swimming Style ◽  
White Muscle Fibre

A kinematic analysis was made of swimming of larval herring Clupea harengus L. Swimming style was found to change with growth and development; the amplitude of swimming movements of early post-yolk-sac larvae increases linearly towards the tail, a style of swimming which relies mainly on resistive forces for propulsion. Later, after the caudal and dorsal fins have developed, the swimming style changes, in response to an increase in Reynold's Number, such that inertial forces are more important. In this type of swimming the amplitude increases more rapidly than linearly towards the tail. The distribution of red and white muscle fibre types was studied in relation to development. On hatching, red muscle fibres were found to be arranged as a single layer on the outside of the myotomes. They develop into the adult distribution, concentrated at the midline of the flank near the skin, only after the gills and circulation become fully functional.

scholarly journals Histological structure of the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis in pigs with the same ryanodine receptor genotype (CC) in relation to carcass indicators

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Z. Eliáš ◽  
S. Hluchý ◽  
J. Mlynek
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Meat Weight ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Longissimus Lumborum ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
White Muscle Fibre

The aim of this study was to investigate the histological structure of the longissimus muscle in pigs in relation to carcass value indicators. A total number of 16 pigs of about 101.28 kg average live weight were used. The animals were raised at a Fattening and Carcass Value Experimental Station (FCVES) of Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra in equal conditions, receiving a standard diet fortified with vitamin-mineral mixture, and they were slaughtered in an experimental abattoir of FCVES. Samples from the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracisi (MLLT) for histological evaluation were taken within 30 minutes post mortem, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at a temperature of −20°C. In the experimental abattoir of FCVES feeding indicators, and indicators of meat quality and carcass value were examined. Samples were processed histochemically and single types of muscle fibres were differentiated according to reactions on SDH on the basis of Vacek’s (1974) method. Nikon microscopic system, Pixelink digital camera and LUCIA software for image analyses for the morphometric analysis of MLLT structure were used. The highest abundance of white and the lowest abundance of intermediate muscle fibres was obtained in the analyzed musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracisi of pigs. Red muscle fibre abundance was only slightly higher than intermediate muscle fibre abundance. Concerning the average muscle fibre diameter, the highest values in white and the lowest values in red muscle fibres were found. Positive correlations of white muscle fibre abundance with loin meat weight, thigh meat weight, carcass length, ribcase length, hot right half weight, valuable meatiness parts in kilograms, thigh weight, thigh percent in the half-carcass and MLLT area weight were obtained. In the case of all fat content and weight indicators negative correlations were obtained except loin fat weight. Red muscle fibre content showed positive correlations with shoulder fat weight, neck meat weight, neck fat weight, head weight, thigh fat weight, average backfat thickness and MLLT area. Correlation coefficients between white muscle fibre diameter and shoulder meat weight, thigh meat weight, carcass length, ribcase length showed weak positive correlations. An increase in the white muscle fibre diameter corresponds with an increase in loin meat weight, valuable meatiness parts in kg, valuable meatiness parts in percents, thigh weight, thigh percent in the half-carcass weight and MLLT area. Concerning the red muscle fibre diameter weak positive correlations were obtained in relation to neck meat weight, thigh meat weight, thigh weight and moderate positive correlations to shoulder meat weight, loin meat weight, valuable meatiness parts in kilograms and percents, thigh percent in half-carcass and MLLT area.

Temperature and developmental plasticity of muscle phenotype in herring larvae

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
I A Johnston ◽  
N J Cole ◽  
V L A Vieira ◽  
I Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Troponin T ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Protein Isoforms ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Horizontal Septum ◽  
Red Muscle

Myogenesis, the expression of myofibrillar protein isoforms and the development of muscle innervation were investigated in Clyde herring (Clupea harengus L.) in two successive spawning seasons at temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 15 °C. Myotube formation occurred in a rostral to caudal progression at similar somite stages at all temperatures. Superficial mononuclear muscle pioneer fibres were present at the horizontal septum. Myofibrillogenesis was retarded with respect to somite stage at low temperatures; for example, by the 50-somite stage, myofibrils were observed in the muscle pioneers of the first 31 somites at 12 °C, but only the first 20 somites at 5 °C. In the electron microscope, the earliest stages of myofibril assembly were observed in the muscle pioneer cells and in a proportion of the multinucleated myotubes within the same somite. By the end of somitogenesis, the density of myofibrils in the rostral myotomes was much higher at 15 °C than at 5 °C. Embryonic isoforms of myosin light chain 2 (LC2), troponin I and troponin T were identified in the presumptive white muscle using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Expression of the embryonic isoforms was gradually switched off during the larval stages. The size range over which embryonic isoforms were present was inversely related to rearing temperature. For example, the adult pattern of myosin LC2 expression was established at 11 mm total length (TL) at 15 °C, but not until 15 mm TL at 5 °C. Acetylcholinesterase staining was apparent at the myosepta in 31-somite stage embryos at 15 °C, but not until approximately the 40-somite stage at 5 °C. The red muscle fibres of larvae were initially innervated only at their myoseptal ends. The temperature at which the red muscle fibres became multiply innervated was inversely related to body size, occurring at 12­14 mm at 12 °C, but not until 16­19 mm at 5 °C. We conclude that the temperature during early development determines the relative timing and degree of expression of the myogenic programme, resulting in significant phenotypic variation in the swimming muscles of the larval stages. Our results highlight a potential mechanism whereby early thermal experience could influence survival and hence the strength of particular year classes of fish.

The Function and Metabolism of Certain Insect Muscles in Relation to their Structure

1955 ◽  
Vol s3-96 (34) ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
GEORGE A. EDWARDS ◽  
HELMUT RUSKA
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

Electron microscopic observations on ultrathin sections of the red thoracic flightmuscles and white leg muscles of Hydrophilus and Dytiscus are reported. In red muscle-fibres with high values in frequency of contraction, oxygen consumption, and dehydrogenase activity, the single fibrils are completely surrounded by huge mitochondria. Tracheoles penetrate the sarcolemma and supply the mitochondria with oxygen by intracellular branches. In the less active white muscle fibres, mitochondria are found irregularly scattered between the fibrils or along the I band. The intracellular tracheolization is sparse but an endoplasmic reticulum is widely spread between the synfibrillar contractile material. The same muscles of the two insects differ considerably in detail.

The Effect of Metabolic Inhibitors on the Cockroach Nerve-Muscle Synapse

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-343
Author(s):  
D. REES
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Vesicle ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Inhibition ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Nerve Muscle

1. The application of metabolic inhibitors to nerve-muscle synapses on ‘white’ and ‘red’ fibres in the retractor unguis muscles of P. americana and B. giganteus resulted in a dramatic increase in the spontaneous miniature potential discharge and was accompanied by a summation of the miniature potentials to form ‘composite’ potentials. 2. Axon terminals associated with ‘white’ muscle fibres responded faster to metabolic inhibitors than those axon terminals associated with ‘red’ muscle fibres. 3. Correlated ultrastructural and electrophysiological studies inferred that a tentative relationship existed between the miniature potential activities and synaptic vesicle distributions of the nerve-muscle synapses during the phases of metabolic inhibition.

The influence of temperature on muscle function in the fast swimming scup. I. Shortening velocity and muscle recruitment during swimming

1992 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Rome ◽  
I. H. Choi ◽  
G. Lutz ◽  
A. Sosnicki
Keyword(s):  
Sarcomere Length ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Muscle Mechanics ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Muscle Recruitment ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Tail Beat

In this study, electromyography showed that scup can swim to a maximum speed of 80 cm s-1 with their red muscle whereas previous results showed that carp can swim to only 45 cm s-1. Our aim was to evaluate the adaptations that enable scup to swim nearly twice as fast as carp. Although we anticipated that, at their respective maximum speeds, the red muscle of scup would be shortening at twice the velocity (V) of carp muscle, we found that the values of V were the same (2.04 muscle lengths s-1). At any given swimming speed, V was higher in carp than in scup because carp had a larger sarcomere length excursion and higher tail-beat frequency. The smaller sarcomere excursion in scup is primarily associated with using a less undulatory style of swimming (i.e. with a smaller backbone curvature). This less undulatory style of swimming may be an important adaptation that not only reduces V but may also reduce drag. At their respective maximum speeds, however, the 28% lower sarcomere length excursion in scup is balanced by a 26% higher tail-beat frequency, giving an equal V to that of carp. Although the scup in this study were somewhat longer than the carp in the previous one (19.7 vs 13.4 cm), we believe that many of the observed differences are species-related rather than size-related. We also found that scup swam in a kinematically similar fashion at 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C. However, at 10 degrees C, the scup could swim to only 54 cm s-1 before recruiting their white muscle whereas, at 20 degrees C, they could swim to 80 cm s-1. The difference in speed of initial white muscle recruitment, as well as information on muscle mechanics, suggests that the scup compress their recruitment order into a narrow speed range at low temperatures, thereby recruiting more muscle fibres. Quantitative analysis of red muscle electromyograms in this paper supports this hypothesis.

Embryonic temperature modulates muscle growth characteristics in larval and juvenile herring

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
I A Johnston ◽  
N J Cole ◽  
M Abercromby ◽  
V L A Vierira
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Horizontal Septum ◽  
Different Temperatures

The influence of embryonic and larval temperature regime on muscle growth was investigated in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.). Eggs of spring-spawning Clyde herring were incubated at 5 degrees C, 8 degrees C or 12 degrees C until hatching and then reared until after metamorphosis at rising temperatures to simulate a seasonal warming. Metamorphosis to the juvenile stage was complete at 37 mm total length (TL), after an estimated 177 days as a larva at 5 degrees C, 117 days at 8 degrees C and 101 days at 12 degrees C. Growth rate and the development of median fins were retarded in relation to body length at 5 degrees C compared with 8 degrees C and 12 degrees C. Between hatching (at 8-9 mm TL) and 16 mm TL, there was a threefold increase in total muscle cross-sectional area, largely due to the hypertrophy of the embryonic red and white muscle fibres. The recruitment of additional white muscle fibres started at approximately 15 mm TL at all temperatures, and by 37 mm was estimated to be 66 fibres day-1 at 5 degrees C and 103 fibres day-1 at 8 degrees C and 12 degrees C. Peptide mapping studies revealed a change in myosin heavy chain composition in white muscle fibres between 20 and 25 mm TL. Embryonic red muscle fibres expressed fast myosin light chains until 24-28 mm TL at 5 degrees C and 22 mm TL at 12 degrees C, and new red fibres were added at the horizontal septum starting at the same body lengths. Following metamorphosis, the total cross-sectional area of muscle was similar at different temperatures, although the number of red and white fibres per myotome was significantly greater at the warmest than at the coldest regime. For example, the mean number of white muscle fibres per myotome in 50 mm TL juveniles was calculated to be 23.4 % higher at 12 degrees C (12 065) than at 5 degrees C (9775). In other experiments, spring-spawning (Clyde) and autumn-spawning (Manx) herring were reared at different temperatures until first feeding and then transferred to ambient seawater temperature and fed ad libitum for constant periods. These experiments showed that, for both stocks, the temperature of embryonic development influenced the subsequent rate of muscle fibre recruitment and hypertrophy as well as the density of muscle nuclei. Labelling experiments with 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine showed that both the hypertrophy and recruitment of muscle fibres involved a rapidly proliferating population of myogenic precursor cells. The cellular mechanisms underlying the environmental modulation of muscle growth phenotype are discussed.

Temperature and myogenesis in embryos of the Atlantic herring Clupea harengus

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (6) ◽  
pp. 1389-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
I A Johnston ◽  
V L A Vieira ◽  
M Abercromby
Keyword(s):  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Atlantic Herring ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Axial Muscles ◽  
Initial Appearance ◽  
Development Temperature

The development of axial muscles has been investigated in spring-spawning Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) reared at 5, 8, 12 and 15 °C. In 1994, around 90 % of embryos hatched after 28 days at 5 °C, 16 days at 8 °C, 9 days at 12 °C and 8 days at 15 °C. The somites were formed from cells of the paraxial mesoderm in a rostral to caudal direction, starting at the neural plate stage. Somites were added at rates ranging from one every 3 h at 5 °C to one every 52 min at 15 °C. A small number of myoblasts, located adjacent and lateral to the notochord, elongated to span the somite to form mononuclear myotubes. The majority of muscle fibres were formed by the fusion of 2­5 myoblasts to produce multinucleated myotubes that subsequently differentiated into either superficial or inner fibre types. The timing of myogenesis with respect to somite stage and the initial appearance of the gut, pectoral fin buds and pronephric tubules was found to vary with development temperature. For rostral myotomes, the synthesis of contractile filaments and myofibril assembly were first observed at the 42-, 38- and 27-somite stages at 5, 8 and 12 °C, respectively. The differentiation of myotubes into morphologically recognisable muscle fibre types first occurred at the 62-somite stage at 5 °C, at the 48-somite stage at 8 °C and as early as the 40-somite stage at 12 °C. Cell proliferation experiments with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine showed that another population of myoblasts was activated on the surface of muscle fibres just prior to hatching. Development temperature also affected muscle cellularity; there were 43 % more inner muscle fibres in the myotomes of 1-day-old larvae reared at 12 °C than at 5 °C (P<0.02).

A study of glycogen and lactate in the myotomal muscles and liver of the Coalfish (Gadus virens L.) during sustained swimming

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Johnston ◽  
G. Goldspink
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Biochemical Measurements ◽  
The Mean

The locomotor roles of the myotomal muscles of fish are dependent on swimming speed. The mean maximum sustained swimming speed for coalfish (Gadus virens L.) during a 6-h period in an experimental exercise chamber was determined using a fixedvelocity technique and found to be 4 bodylengths/s. Biochemical measurements were made on the concentration of glycogen and lactate in the red muscle and white muscle at a series of known swimming speeds. Evidence is provided that red muscle alone is used at speeds below 2 bodylengths/s. The fall in concentration of red muscle glycogen was directly proportional to increased swimming speed. At speeds in excess of 2 bodylengths/s a statistically significant increase in lactate concentration occurred in the white muscle fibres. A reduction in glycogen content of the white muscle was also noted at speeds at and above the estimated mean sustained swimming speed. These results are discussed in the light of the current ideas pertaining to the division of labour between myotomal muscles in fish.

The co-ordination of the rhythmical fin movements of dogfish

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Implanted Electrodes ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Two Populations

The muscle fibres of the radial muscles of the unpaired fins of dogfish can be divided into two populations—an outer group of red muscle fibres which are smaller and fewer than the inner white muscle fibres and which differ in structure, number of nuclei and pattern of innervation. Two types of potential were detected in the two muscle systems when recordings were made with implanted electrodes during movements of the fins. The red muscle fibres were associated with small, slow junctional potentials which changed in amplitude when the activity of the system was altered.

Metabolic biochemistry of water- vs. air-breathing fishes: muscle enzymes and ultrastructure

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Hochachka ◽  
M. Guppy ◽  
H. E. Guderley ◽  
K. B. Storey ◽  
W. C. Hulbert
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Enzymes ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Phosphofructokinase Activity ◽  
Metabolic Biochemistry ◽  
Myotomal Muscle

To delineate what modifications in muscle metabolic biochemistry correlate with transition to air breathing in fishes, the myotomal muscles of aruana, an obligate water breather, and Arapaima, a related obligate air breather, were compared using electron microscopy and enzyme methods. White muscle in both species maintained a rather similar ultrastructure, characterized by large-diameter fibers, very few mitochondria, and few capillaries. However, aruana white muscle displayed nearly fivefold higher levels of pyruvate kinase, threefold higher levels of muscle-type lactate dehydrogenase, and a fourfold higher ratio of fructose diphosphatase –phosphofructokinase activity; at the same time, enzymes in aerobic metabolism occurred at about one-half the levels in Arapaima. Red muscle was never found in the myotomal mass of aruana, but in Arapaima, red muscle was present and seemed fueled by glycogen, lipid droplets never being observed. From these and other data, it was concluded that in myotomal muscle two processes correlate with the transition to air breathing in Amazon osteoglossids: firstly, an emphasis in oxidative metabolism, and secondly, a retention of red muscle. However, compared with more active water-breathing species, Arapaima sustains an overall dampening of enzyme activities in its myotomal muscle, which because of the large myotome mass explains why its overall metabolic rate is relatively low. By keeping the oxidative capacity of its myotomal muscle low, Arapaima automatically conserves O2 either for a longer time or for other more O2-requiring organs in the body, a perfectly understandable strategy for an air-breathing, diving fish, comparable with that observed in other diving vertebrates. A similar comparison was also made of two erythrinid fishes, one that skimmed the O2-rich surface layers of water and one that obtained three quarters of its O2 from water, one quarter from air. Ultrastructural and enzyme data led to the unexpected conclusion that the surface skimmer sustained a higher oxidative capacity in its myotomal muscles than did the facultative air breather.

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