scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF BODY SIZE ON THE ACID-BASE AND METABOLITE STATUS IN THE WHITE MUSCLE OF RAINBOW TROUT BEFORE AND AFTER EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE

1993 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ferguson ◽  
J. D. Kieffer ◽  
B. L. Tufts
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Body Size ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Change In Mean

The effect of body size on the white muscle acid-base and metabolite status was examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ranging in length from 8 to 54 cm. Following 5 min of exhaustive exercise, white muscle lactate concentration was approximately doubled (approximately 32 micromole g-1) in larger fish than in smaller fish (approximately 16 micromole g-1). Associated with this post-exercise increase in lactate was a nearly parallel increase in the number of metabolic protons produced by larger fish. Larger fish did not possess a greater non-bicarbonate buffering capacity or soluble protein concentration, so their mean muscle intracellular pH (pHi) decreased by approximately 0.70 units compared with a change in mean pHi of about 0.40 units in the smallest fish. The relationship between resting pHi and length was independent of size (mean pHi 7.31). Concentrations of muscle energy metabolites were also determined in trout white muscle before and after exercise. Under resting conditions, larger fish possessed a twofold greater concentration of ATP (approximately 7 micromole g-1) than did smaller fish (approximately 3micromole g-1). Similarly, resting values of muscle glycogen range from about 6 micromole g-1 in the smallest fish to as high as 15 micromole g-1 in the largest fish. However, the smaller fish had higher levels (approximately 35 micromole g- 1) of phosphocreatine (PCr) than the larger fish (approximately 25 micromole g-1). Following exercise, however, both ATP and glycogen concentrations remained size-dependent and increased with increases in fish length. Levels of PCr were size-independent following exercise. These results demonstrate that body size has an important influence on the acid- base and metabolic status of fish before and after exercise.

White Muscle Intracellular Acid-Base and Lactate Status Following Exhaustive Exercise: A Comparison between Freshwater- and Sea Water- Adapted Rainbow Trout

1991 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
YONG TANG ◽  
ROBERT G. BOUTILIER
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Intracellular Acid

The intracellular acid-base status of white muscle of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) -adapted rainbow trout was examined before and after exhaustive exercise. Exhaustive exercise resulted in a pronounced intracellular acidosis with a greater pH drop in SW (0.82 pH units) than in FW (0.66 pH units) trout; this was accompanied by a marked rise in intracellular lactate levels, with more pronounced increases occurring in SW (54.4 mmoll−1) than in FW (45.7 mmoll−1) trout. Despite the more severe acidosis, recovery was faster in the SW animals, as indicated by a more rapid clearance of metabolic H+ and lactate loads. Compartmental analysis of the distribution of metabolic H+ and lactate loads showed that the more rapid recovery of pH in SW trout could be due to (1) their greater facility for excreting H+ equivalents to the environmental water [e.g. 15.5 % (SW) vs 5.0 % (FW) of the initial H+ load was stored in external water at 250 min post-exercise] and, to a greater extent, (2) the more rapid removal of H+, facilitated via lactate metabolism in situ (white muscle) and/or the Cori cycle (e.g. heart, liver). The slower pH recovery in FW trout may also be due in part to greater production of an ‘unmeasured acid’ [maximum approx. 8.5 mmol kg−1 fish (FW) vs approx. 6 mmol kg−1 fish (SW) at 70–130 min post-exercise] during the recovery period. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that H+-consuming metabolism is quantitatively the most important mechanism for the correction of an endogenously originating acidosis, and that extracellular pH normalization gains priority over intracellular pH regulation during recovery of acid-base status following exhaustive exercise.

Blood Lactate Levels in Free-Swimming Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Before and After Strenuous Exercise Resulting in Fatigue

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Driedzic ◽  
Joe W. Kiceniuk
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lactate Levels

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exercised to fatigue in a series of 60-min stepwise increasing velocity increments. There was no increase in blood lactate concentration, serially sampled during swimming by means of indwelling dorsal and ventral aortic catheters, at velocities as high as 93% of critical velocity of individuals. The data show that under these conditions the rate of production of lactate by white muscle, at less than critical velocities, is minimal or that the rate of elimination of lactate from white muscle is equal to its rate of utilization elsewhere. Immediately following fatigue blood lactate level increases rapidly. During the recovery period there appears to be a net uptake of lactate by the gills.

Acid-Base Regulation Following Exhaustive Exercise: A Comparison Between Freshwaterand Sea Water-Adapted Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1989 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. TANG ◽  
D. G. McDONALD ◽  
R. G. BOUTILIER
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Counter Ions

Blood acid-base regulation following exhaustive exercise was investigated in freshwater- (FW) and seawater- (SW) adapted rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of the same genetic stock. Following exhaustive exercise at 10°C, both FW and SW trout displayed a mixed respiratory and metabolic blood acidosis. However, in FW trout the acidosis was about double that of SW trout and arterial blood pH took twice as long to correct. These SW/FW differences were related to the relative amounts of net H+ equivalent excretion to the environmental water, SW trout excreting five times as much as FW trout. The greater H+ equivalent excretion in SW trout may be secondary to changes in the gills that accompany the adaptation from FW to SW. It may also be related to the higher concentrations of HCO3− as well as other exchangeable counter-ions (Na+ and Cl−) in the external medium in SW compared to FW.

The Role of β-Adrenoreceptors in the Recovery from Exhaustive Exercise of Freshwater-Adapted Rainbow Trout

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 471-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. MCDONALD ◽  
Y. TANG ◽  
R. G. BOUTILIER
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Adrenergic Mechanism ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Isoproterenol Infusion ◽  
Net Fluxes

Rainbow trout, fitted with arterial catheters, were exercised to exhaustion by manual chasing and then injected with either saline (controls), the β-agonist isoproterenol or the β-antagonist propranolol. Blood acid-base status, branchial unidirectional and net fluxes of Na+ and Cl−, and net fluxes of ammonia and acidic equivalents (JHnet) were monitored over the subsequent 4 h of recovery. These same parameters were also monitored in normoxic, resting fish following isoproterenol injection and in exercised fish following acute post-exercise elevation of external NaCl concentration. In addition to confirming an important role for β-adrenoreceptors in the regulation of branchial gas exchange and red cell oxygenation and acid-base status, we find a significant β-adrenergic involvement in the flux of lactic acid from muscle and in JHnet across the gills. Both isoproterenol infusion (into nonexercised fish) and exhaustive exercise were found to cause net acid excretion. The post-exercise JHnet was further augmented by elevating [NaCl] but was not affected, in this instance, either by β-stimulation or blockade, indicating that JHnet was not entirely regulated by a β-adrenergic mechanism. On the basis of a detailed analysis of unidirectional Na+ and Cl− fluxes, we conclude that the increase in JHnet following exercise arose mainly from increased Na+/H+(NH4+) exchange and that the upper limit on JHnet was set by the supply of external counterions and by the increase in branchial ionic permeability that invariably accompanies exhaustive exercise.

Co-localization of growth QTL with differentially expressed candidate genes in rainbow trout

Genome ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Kocmarek ◽  
Moira M. Ferguson ◽  
Roy G. Danzmann
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
Growth Metabolism ◽  
Stickleback Genome ◽  
Half Sibling

We tested whether genes differentially expressed between large and small rainbow trout co-localized with familial QTL regions for body size. Eleven chromosomes, known from previous work to house QTL for weight and length in rainbow trout, were examined for QTL in half-sibling families produced in September (1 XY male and 1 XX neomale) and December (1 XY male). In previous studies, we identified 108 candidate genes for growth expressed in the liver and white muscle in a subset of the fish used in this study. These gene sequences were BLASTN aligned against the rainbow trout and stickleback genomes to determine their location (rainbow trout) and inferred location based on synteny with the stickleback genome. Across the progeny of all three males used in the study, 63.9% of the genes with differential expression appear to co-localize with the QTL regions on 6 of the 11 chromosomes tested in these males. Genes that co-localized with QTL in the mixed-sex offspring of the two XY males primarily showed up-regulation in the muscle of large fish and were related to muscle growth, metabolism, and the stress response.

Intracellular and extracellular acid-base status and H+ exchange with the environment after exhaustive exercise in the rainbow trout

1986 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Milligan ◽  
C. M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Exercise Induced

Exhaustive exercise induced a severe short-lived (0–1 h) respiratory, and longer-lived (0–4 h) metabolic, acidosis in the extracellular fluid of the rainbow trout. Blood ‘lactate’ load exceeded blood ‘metabolic acid’ load from 1–12 h after exercise. Over-compensation occurred, so that by 8–12 h, metabolic alkalosis prevailed, but by 24 h, resting acid-base status had been restored. Acid-base changes were similar, and lactate levels identical, in arterial and venous blood. However, at rest venous RBC pHi was significantly higher than arterial (7.42 versus 7.31). After exercise, arterial RBC pHi remained constant, whereas venous RBC pHi fell significantly (to 7.18) but was fully restored by 1 h. Resting mean whole-body pHi, measured by DMO distribution, averaged approx. 7.25 at a pHe of approx. 7.82 and fell after exercise to a low of 6.78 at a pHe of approx. 7.30. Whole-body pHi was slower to recover than pHe, requiring up to 12 h, with no subsequent alkalosis. Whole-body ECFV decreased by about 70 ml kg-1 due to a fluid shift into the ICF. Net H+ excretion to the water increased 1 h after exercise accompanied by an elevation in ammonia efflux. At 8–12 h, H+ excretion was reduced to resting levels and at 12–24 h, a net H+ uptake occurred. Lactate excretion amounted to approx. 1% of the net H+ excretion and only approx. 2% of the whole blood load. Only a small amount of the anaerobically produced H+ in the ICF appeared in the ECF and subsequently in the water. By 24 h, all the H+ excreted had been taken back up, thus correcting the extracellular alkalosis. The bulk of the H+ load remained intracellular, to be cleared by aerobic metabolism.

scholarly journals Integrated responses to exhaustive exercise and recovery in rainbow trout white muscle: acid-base, phosphogen, carbohydrate, lipid, ammonia, fluid volume and electrolyte metabolism.

1994 ◽  
Vol 195 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Wang ◽  
G J Heigenhauser ◽  
C M Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Arterial Blood

White muscle and arterial blood plasma were sampled at rest and during 4 h of recovery from exhaustive exercise in rainbow trout. A compound respiratory and metabolic acidosis in the blood was accompanied by increases in plasma lactate (in excess of the metabolic acid load), pyruvate, glucose, ammonia and inorganic phosphate levels, large elevations in haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit, red cell swelling, increases in the levels of most plasma electrolytes, but no shift of fluid out of the extracellular fluid (ECF) into the intracellular fluid (ICF) of white muscle. The decrease in white muscle pHi was comparable to that in pHe; both recovered by 4 h. Creatine phosphate and ATP levels were both reduced by 40% after exercise, the former recovering within 0.25 h, whereas the latter remained depressed until 4 h. Changes in creatine concentration mirrored those in creatine phosphate, whereas changes in IMP and ammonia concentration mirrored those in ATP. White muscle glycogen concentration was reduced 90% primarily by conversion to lactate; recovery was slow, to only 40% of resting glycogen levels by 4 h. During this period, most of the lactate and metabolic acid were retained in white muscle and there was excellent conservation of carbohydrate, suggesting that in situ glycogenesis rather than oxidation was the major fate of lactate. The redox state ([NAD+]/[NADH]) of the muscle cytoplasm, estimated from ICF lactate and pyruvate levels and pHi, remained unchanged from resting levels, challenging the traditional view of the 'anaerobic' production of lactate. Furthermore, the membrane potential, estimated from levels of ICF and ECF electrolytes using the Goldman equation, remained unchanged throughout, challenging the view that white muscle becomes depolarized after exhaustive exercise. Indeed, ICF K+ concentration was elevated. Lactate was distributed well out of electrochemical equilibrium with either the membrane potential (Em) or the pHe-pHi difference, supporting the view that lactate is actively retained in white muscle. In contrast, H+ was actively extruded. Ammonia was distributed passively according to Em rather than pHe-pHi throughout recovery, providing a mechanism for retaining high ICF ammonia levels for adenylate resynthesis in situ. Although lipid is not traditionally considered to be a fuel for burst exercise, substantial decreases in free carnitine and elevations in acyl-carnitines and acetyl-CoA concentrations indicated an important contribution of fatty acid oxidation by white muscle during both exercise and recovery.

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