Link of cognitive functions from special training of qualified boxers

Purpose: to establish links of cognitive functions from special training of qualified boxers. Material and methods. Preceding victorious methods have been used: analysis of scientific-methodical information and dzherel to the Internet; chronodynamometry; psychophysiological methods of education; methods of mathematical statistics. There were 26 qualified boxers in bulo, 18-24 years old. According to the index of creatine phosphate preceding of all boxers, there were two different groups. The first group with a high level of performance (from 200 and above conventional units) and a group with a low level of special performance (below 200 conventional units). Before the first group, 12 individuals were consumed, before the other – 14 athletes. Results: on the basis of the analysis of scientific-methodical information, the Internet connection and communication of the advanced practical information in the field of sports was established, and the structure of sports martial arts, and especially boxing, is characterized by the call of synchronization between the two sportsmen and the conversion For an effective reception of information, analysis and acceptance of the solution of a similar response to the supernatural, it is necessary to activate cognitive functions, such as: verbal and non-verbal intelligence and memory. A correlation analysis was carried out for the development of the peculiarities of the links in the special prasezdatnost and the cognitive characteristics. Conclusions. The results of a correlation analysis between special training and indicators of the cognitive test «Establishing Regularities» allowed for the emergence of reliable links among boxers because of the high level of precision of special performance indicators and efficiency. Boxers due to the decrease in the level of special praise rate help to achieve a reliable correlation without being an indicator of productivity. An analysis of the results in the field of special training and indicators of the cognitive test «Correspondence of numbers» has shown the prevalence of correlation in boxers due to the high level of special training. Boxers due to the decrease in the level of special performance help to promote the appearance of reliable links due to the indicators of efficiency, latency and stability. Carrying out a correlation analysis between special training and indicators of the cognitive test «Memory for words» has shown in the absence of one basic connection between special training and performance indicators among boxers due to low reduction. Boxers from the highest level of special prazdatnosty reliable correlation links in the tests are not possible. Keywords: boxing, cognitive functions, special performance, qualified athletes, correlation analysis.

Research on Influencing Factors and Classification of Patients With Mild and Severe COVID-19 Symptoms

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological history, clinical symptoms, laboratory testing parameters of patients with mild and severe COVID-19 infection, and provide a reference for timely judgment of changes in the patients’ conditions and the formulation of epidemic prevention and control strategies.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted in this research, a total of 90 patients with COVID-19 infection who received treatment from January 21 to March 31, 2020 in the Ninth People’s Hospital of Dongguan City were selected as study subject. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of laboratory-confirmed patients with COVID-19, used the oversampling method (SMOTE) to solve the imbalance of categories, and established Lasso-logistic regression and random forest models.ResultsAmong the 90 confirmed COVID-19 cases, 79 were mild and 11 were severe. The average age of the patients was 36.1 years old, including 49 males and 41 females. The average age of severe patients is significantly older than that of mild patients (53.2 years old vs 33.7 years old). The average time from illness onset to hospital admission was 4.1 days and the average actual hospital stay was 18.7 days, both of these time actors were longer for severe patients than for mild patients. Forty-eight of the 90 patients (53.3%) had family cluster infections, which was similar among mild and severe patients. Comorbidities of underlying diseases were more common in severe patients, including hypertension, diabetes and other diseases. The most common symptom was cough [45 (50%)], followed by fever [43 (47.8%)], headache [7 (7.8%)], vomiting [3 (3.3%)], diarrhea [3 (3.3%)], and dyspnea [1 (1.1%)]. The laboratory findings of patients also included leukopenia [13(14.4%)] and lymphopenia (17.8%). Severe patients had a low level of creatine kinase (median 40.9) and a high level of D-dimer. The median NLR of severe patients was 2.82, which was higher than that of mild patients. Logistic regression showed that age, phosphocreatine kinase, procalcitonin, the lymphocyte count of the patient on admission, cough, fatigue, and pharynx dryness were independent predictors of COVID-19 severity. The classification of random forest was predicted and the importance of each variable was displayed. The variable importance of random forest indicates that age, D-dimer, NLR (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio) and other top-ranked variables are risk factors.ConclusionThe clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients are non-specific and complicated. Age and the time from onset to admission are important factors that determine the severity of the patient’s condition. Patients with mild illness should be closely monitored to identify those who may become severe. Variables such as age and creatine phosphate kinase selected by logistic regression can be used as important indicators to assess the disease severity of COVID-19 patients. The importance of variables in the random forest further complements the variable feature information.

Assessment of Creatine in Sports Products

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet) conducted an assessment of creatine in sports products (e.g. supplements). The evaluation has been performed by an ad hoc group, and assessed by the VKM Panel on nutrition, dietetic products, novel food and allergy. The evaluation of safety and possible risks of creatine supplementation in this opinion is based on previous reports, 23 original papers and 14 reviews from literature searches. Marketing and sales of sport products are increasing in the Nordic countries, with creatine supplements being one of four most common categories. In addition to be used by athletes, the use of creatine supplements seems to increase among general exercisers and young people. Creatine supplements are mainly used for their supposed effects on muscles mass and high intensity and short duration sport performances. Supplementation has been shown to result in higher concentration of creatine phosphate in the muscles, which is the limited substrate. For athletes, it is recommended a loading dose of 10-20 g/day for 4-7 days and a maintenance dose of 2-5 g/day for weeks or months. Some athletes continue the maintenance dose for several years. It is well documented that creatine supplementation has positive effects on muscle mass combined with strength training and performance during maximal exercise. There are however large individual variation in the response, and there are responders and non-responders. The new scientific literature, including long term studies, is in line with the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) opinion from 2004. VKM Panel on nutrition, dietetic products, novel food and allergy supports the EFSA conclusion that supplementation of creatine in doses below 3 g/day is unlikely to pose any risks if the purity of the creatine compound is adequate. Scientific long-term studies with doses up to 5-10 g/day in adult athletes have shown no harmful effects, but there are no dose-response studies indicating a safe upper limit for creatine. The potential negative effects (impaired kidney function, weight gain and gastrointestinal disturbances) which have been published in non scientific journals and anecdotal reports have not found support in controlled systematic studies on healthy subjects. It has been indicated that individuals with impaired kidney functions should refrain from creatine supplements. Creatine-monohydrate is the most studied form of creatine supplements, and only creatine monohydrate has been included in the scientific investigations on adverse effects.

Blood lipid profile as a diagnostic marker of acute pancreatitis in dogs

Acute pancreatitis is a common non-communicable pathology in dogs, the untimely diagnosis and treatment of which is lethal (27-58% of cases). One of the most common medical tests for acute pancreatitis is to determine the concentration of triglycerides and other fractions of blood lipids. The purpose of the study was to investigate changes in lipid fractions and other biochemical parameters in dogs with acute pancreatitis. For the experiment, two groups of dogs of 10 individuals each were formed. The control group included healthy animals, the experimental group – dogs with acute pancreatitis. It was found that in dogs with acute pancreatitis, the concentration of triglycerides increased by 67% compared with healthy individuals. Cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations also increased by 23 and 9%, respectively. Inflammatory processes in the pancreas led to the development of cytolytic processes in its acini, as well as hepatocytes of the liver, as indicated by increased activity of indicator enzymes ALT, AST, LF and bilirubin. In addition, in sick dogs, the protein-synthesising function of the liver was impaired: a reduced proportion of albumin was registered against the background of increased total serum protein. Acute pancreatitis leads to a decrease in insulin synthesis, which is manifested by hyperglycaemia – in sick dogs, glucose levels are probably twice as high as in healthy animals. In pancreatitis, the violation of digestion and absorption of nutrients caused by intensive use of high-energy compounds (in particular, creatine phosphate) and an increase in creatinine (3.8 times). At the same time, the catabolism of proteins increased and the products of their intermediate and final metabolism – ammonia and urea – accumulated (by 60 and 57%, respectively), which is a sign of reduced filtration capacity of the kidneys. In addition, in acute pancreatitis within the physiological norm, the concentration of calcium decreased, and inorganic phosphorus – increased

Metabolic therapy in cardiology from the perspective of evidence-based medicine

Over the past few decades, various applications of the metabolic drugs have been extensively tested. Most of them affect oxygen-dependent processes, improving cellular metabolism and increasing tissue resistance to hypoxia and ischemia. The most promising candidates include components of the respiratory chain, purine nucleosides, and creatine phosphate which affect glucose oxidation and fatty acid metabolism in the Krebs cycle. This review critically evaluates the most popular drugs of this group (adenosine triphosphate, adenosine-5-monophosphate, creatine phosphate, coenzyme Q10, cytochrome C, adenosine, glucose-insulin-potassium solution, L-carnitine, mildronate, and trimetazidine), which are widely represented on the pharmaceutical market. Of all metabolic drugs, only trimetazidine was included in the European and Russian recommendations for the second-line treatment of stable angina. In most clinical studies, the therapeutic efficacy of metabolic drugs has been evaluated using the surrogate endpoints. Despite being actively advertised and widely used in the clinical practice, metabolic drugs currently do not have a convincing evidence base for affecting prognosis (mortality and/or major adverse cardiovascular events). Further studies in large-scale randomised trials are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of the metabolic drugs in cardiovascular medicine.

Features of psychophysiological characteristics in skilled boxers

Purpose: to study the features of psychophysiological characteristics in qualified boxers with different levels of performance. Material and methods. The study used the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodological information, Internet sources and generalization of practical experience, psychophysiological research methods, methods of mathematical statistics. A dynamometer «Spuderg» designed by M.P. Savchyn was used to assess the special performance. The index of creatine phosphate working capacity of boxers was determined (according to the test of the boxer's strikes fulfillment for 8 seconds at maximum speed). We examined 26 qualified boxers, members of the national team of Kiev at the age of 18-24 years. According to the creatine phosphate working capacity index, all boxers were divided into two conditional groups. The first group with a high level of working capacity (from 200 and more USD) and the group with a low level of special working capacity (below 200 USD). The first group included 12 people, the second - 14 athletes. Results: based on the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, it was revealed that a high level of special performance in qualified boxers is provided by a high lability of the nervous system and the speed of processing of visual information with simultaneous control over spontaneous actions under conditions of motor response. During the study, an assessment was made of: complex sensorimotor reactions (functional mobility of nervous processes; reaction to a moving object), specific perceptions (reaction rate to non-verbal stimuli). Conclusions. The study made it possible to establish that boxers with a high level of special working capacity have a balance between the processes of arousal and inhibition, while boxers with a reduced level of working capacity have a predominance of arousal processes and high values of impulsivity, which indicate the presence of spontaneous, unprepared actions when responding to external irritants. The connection between the quality and speed of perception of visual information and special performance in qualified boxers was also revealed. Keywords: qualified boxers, psychophysiological characteristics, special working capacity, types of control

Comparison of Metabolic Alterations in Serum and Milk Whey Between Inactive Ovaries and Estrus Dairy Cows

Inactive ovaries (IOs) affect the estrus cycle and timed artificial insemination (TAI) efficiency in dairy cows during early lactation. The objective of the experiment was to determine metabolic changes in the serum and milk whey of dairy cows with IO and estrus. Twenty-eight healthy postpartum Holstein cows in similar age, milk production, and body condition were selected at 30 days postpartum for tracking to 70 days postpartum, and estrus performance was recorded through Afi Farm® software. The ovarian status and follicular diameter of dairy cows were examined by an experienced breeder through B-ultrasound and rectal examination. Fourteen normal estrus cows were allocated to control group A and 14 cows with IO to group B, all at 30–70 days postpartum. The serum and milk whey in the two groups of cows at 70 days postpartum were used for non-targeted nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis to measure the different metabolites of cows with IO. In group B compared with group A at 70 days postpartum, there was an increase in the milk whey of six different metabolites including succinate, creatine phosphate, glycine, myo-inositol, glycolate, and orotate and a decrease in the milk whey of seven metabolites, including alanine, creatinine, o-phosphorylcholine, lactose, taurine, galactose, and glucose-1-phosphate. There was an increase in the serum of group B cows of four differential metabolites, including 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetate, glutamine, and glycine and a decrease in the serum of nine differential metabolites, including alanine, succinate, citrate, creatinine, o-phosphocholine, glucose, myo-inositol, tyrosine, and histidine compared with group A. Group B cows with IO had decreased glucose metabolism and impaired tricarboxylic acid cycle, increased lipid mobilization, and abnormal amino acid metabolism. The study provides a potential prevention strategy for IO in dairy cows in future.