scholarly journals Scaling the feeding mechanism of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): kinematics of prey capture

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Richard ◽  
P Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Feeding Mechanism ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Feeding Kinematics

We present the first analysis of scaling effects on prey capture kinematics of a feeding vertebrate. The scaling of feeding kinematics of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was investigated using high-speed video (200 fields s-1) to determine what functional changes occur in the feeding mechanism as a consequence of body size. A size series of ten bass ranging from 32 to 210 mm standard length was used for the study and ten feeding sequences from each individual were analyzed to quantify movements of the feeding apparatus during prey capture. Maximal linear and angular displacements of the strike scaled isometrically. The time course of the strike was longer in larger fish. Maximal velocities of displacement were more rapid in larger fish, but their scaling exponents indicated that the intrinsic rate of muscle shortening decreased with fish size. Morphological measurements of the lever arms of the lower jaw and of the two major muscles that drive the feeding mechanism were made to relate possible biomechanical changes in the feeding mechanism to the observed kinematic relationships. The lever arms of the lower jaw and the muscles scaled isometrically; hence, the relative slowing of movements with increasing body size cannot be attributed to changes in mechanical advantage with change in body size. The scaling of feeding kinematics in the largemouth bass is in accord with the scaling of rates of muscle contraction found in other lower vertebrates. These findings demonstrate that body size can have major effects on feeding kinematics and that future comparative studies of feeding kinematics should use empirical data on size effects in kinematic comparisons between taxa.

scholarly journals Scaling the feeding mechanism of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): motor pattern

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (5) ◽  
pp. 1161-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Wainwright ◽  
B Richard
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Standard Length ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Scaling Effects ◽  
Emg Signal

We present the first analysis of scaling effects on the motor pattern of a feeding vertebrate. Data are presented for the effects of body size on the pattern of activity in four head muscles during prey capture in the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings were made from three expansive-phase muscles (the epaxialis, the sternohyoideus and the levator arcus palatini) and one compressive-phase muscle (the adductor mandibulae), during the capture of small fish prey. Recordings were made of 181 prey-capture events from 19 bass that ranged in size from 83 to 289 mm standard length. We measured seven variables from the myogram of each capture to quantify the temporal pattern of muscle activation, including the duration of activity in each muscle and the onset time of each muscle, relative to the onset of the sternohyoideus muscle. Regressions of the mean value of each variable for the 19 individuals on standard length revealed that only the onset time of the adductor mandibulae changed with fish body size. The increase in onset time of the adductor muscle appears to reflect the longer time taken to open the mouth fully in larger fish. Other research shows that the kinematics of the strike in this species slows significantly with increasing body size. The combined results indicate that the duration of the EMG signal is not directly correlated with the duration of force production in muscles when compared between fish of different sizes. The lack of scaling of burst duration variables suggests that the reduced speeds of prey-capture motion are explained not by changes in the envelope of muscle activity, but rather by the effects of scale on muscle contractile kinetics. These scaling effects may include changes in the relative resistance of the jaw and head structures to movement through water and changes in the intrinsic contractile properties of the muscles of the feeding apparatus.

Use of sonomicrometry demonstrates the link between prey capture kinematics and suction pressure in largemouth bass

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (22) ◽  
pp. 3445-3457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. J. Sanford ◽  
Peter C. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Suction Pressure ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Explosive Expansion

SUMMARYSuction feeding in fishes is the result of a highly coordinated explosive expansion of the buccal cavity that results in a rapid drop in pressure. Prey are drawn into the mouth by a flow of water that is generated by this expansion. At a gross level it is clear that the expansion of the buccal cavity is responsible for the drop in pressure. However, attempts using high-speed video recordings to demonstrate a tight link between prey capture kinematics and suction pressure have met with limited success. In a study with largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, we adopted a new technique for studying kinematics, sonomicrometry, to transduce the movement of skeletal elements of the head during feeding, and synchronized pressure recordings at a sampling rate of 500 Hz. From the positional relationships of six piezoelectric crystals we monitored the internal movements of the buccal cavity and mouth in both mid-sagittal and transverse planes. We found that peak subambient pressure was reached very early in the kinematic expansion of the buccal cavity, occurring at the time when the rate of percentage change in buccal volume was at its peak. Using multiple regression analyses we were consistently able to account for over 90%, and in the best model 99%, of the variation in buccal pressure among strikes using kinematic variables. Sonomicrometry shows great promise as a method for documenting movements of biological structures that are not clearly visible in the external view provided by film and video recordings.

scholarly journals AQUATIC PREY TRANSPORT AND THE COMPARATIVE KINEMATICS OF AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM FEEDING BEHAVIORS

1994 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Gillis ◽  
G Lauder
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Single Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ambystoma Tigrinum ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Feeding Mechanism ◽  
Feeding Kinematics

Four definable feeding behaviors used during the metamorphic life history of tiger salamanders are terrestrial prey capture and transport (as adults) and aquatic prey capture and transport (as larvae). Previous studies have focused primarily on the first three of these behaviors and thus aquatic prey transport is poorly understood. These studies have indicated that terrestrial prey capture has unique kinematic and motor patterns, whereas the other behaviors are quite similar to one another. Using high-speed video analysis, the kinematics of aquatic prey transport in larval Ambystoma tigrinum are described using both lateral and ventral views. These kinematic patterns are statistically compared with the kinematic patterns of aquatic prey capture, terrestrial prey capture and terrestrial prey transport. Statistical analyses allow us to assess the similarities and differences among the four behaviors and to determine the effect of the metamorphic environmental transition (water to land) and morphological changes of the feeding mechanism (suction- to lingual-based) on feeding kinematics. Our data do not support the notion that lingual-based terrestrial prey capture uses unique kinematic patterns compared with the other three behaviors, which consist of similar movements. Rather, each of the feeding behaviors has unique kinematic features that distinguish it from the others. In addition, variation in tiger salamander feeding kinematics is more a function of the feeding event (whether it is capture or transport) than of the environment in which the feeding takes place or the morphology of the feeding mechanism. Finally, we encourage the use of parsimony-based methods of phylogenetic analysis to analyze shared traits (such as kinematic and/or electromyographic variables) in comparative studies of behavior within a single species.

scholarly journals Feeding Kinematics And Morphology Of The Alligator Gar (Atractosteus Spatula, Lacépède, 1803): Feeding Mechanics Of Atractosteus Spatula

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin B. Lemberg ◽  
Neil H. Shubin ◽  
Mark W. Westneat
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Primary Input ◽  
Feeding Mechanism ◽  
Alligator Gar ◽  
Feeding Kinematics ◽  
Atractosteus Spatula

ABSTRACTModern (lepisosteid) gars are a small clade of seven species and two genera that occupy an important position on the actinopterygian phylogenetic tree as members of the Holostei (Amia + gars), sister-group of the teleost radiation. Often referred to as “living fossils,” these taxa preserve many plesiomorphic characteristics used to interpret and reconstruct early osteichthyan feeding conditions. Less attention, however, has been paid to the functional implications of gar-specific morphology, thought to be related to an exclusively ram-based, lateral-snapping mode of prey capture. Previous studies of feeding kinematics in gars have focused solely on members of the narrow-snouted Lepisosteus genus, and here we expand that dataset to include a member of the broad-snouted sister-genus and largest species of gar, the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lacépède, 1803). High-speed videography reveals that the feeding system of alligator gars is capable of rapid expansion from anterior-to-posterior, precisely timed in a way that appears to counteract the effects of a bow-wave during ram-feeding and generate a unidirectional flow of water through the feeding system. Reconstructed cranial anatomy based on contrast-enhanced micro-CT data show that a lateral-sliding palatoquadrate, flexible intrasuspensorial joint, pivoting interhyal, and retractable pectoral girdle are all responsible for increasing the range of motion and expansive capabilities of the gar cranial linkage system. Muscular reconstructions and manipulation experiments show that, while the sternohyoideus is the primary input to the feeding system (similar to other “basal” actinopterygians), additional input from the hyoid constrictors and hypaxials play an important role in decoupling and modulating between the dual roles of the sternohyoideus: hyoid retraction (jaw opening) and hyoid rotation (pharyngeal expansion) respectively. The data presented here demonstrate an intricate feeding mechanism, capable of precise control with plesiomorphic muscles, that represents one of the many ways the ancestral osteichthyan feeding mechanism has been modified for prey capture.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSAlligator gars use a surprisingly expansive cranial linkage system for prey capture that relies on specialized joints for increased mobility and is capable of precise modulation from anterior to posterior using plesiomorphic osteichthyan musculature.

Quantitative analysis of feeding kinematics in dusky salamanders (Desmognathus)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Larsen Jr. ◽  
John T. Beneski Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Prey Item ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Selective Force ◽  
Mandibular Symphysis ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Feeding Kinematics

Gape formation by the dusky salamander (Desmognathus) involves both upper and lower jaws and occurs in a manner similar to that of other terrestrial salamanders. As Desmognathus opens its mouth, ventral rotation of the mandibles is restricted but not stopped by the atlas–mandibular ligaments; the lower jaw is not propelled anteriorly. Tongue protraction, well beyond the mandibular symphysis, is always a major component of prey capture by this genus. After the sticky tongue pad has made contact with the prey, the salamander's head surges forward and the pad is rapidly retracted with the prey item attached. Aided by a unique suite of characters the mouth then snaps shut with considerable force. Our study supports the premise that Desmognathus is no different from most, if not all, terrestrial salamanders in its employment of tongue projection as a major feature in prey capture. We argue that the primary selective force for the unique configuration of desmognathine cephalic structures was enhancement of the ability of these small salamanders to capture relatively large prey without an increase in the size of the head and body.

Variation in the feeding kinematics of mole salamanders (Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Beneski Jr. ◽  
John H. Larsen Jr. ◽  
Brian T. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Feeding Kinematics ◽  
High Speed Cinematography ◽  
Mode A ◽  
General Reduction

High-speed cinematography was used to investigate the prey-capture kinematics of six species of mole salamanders (Ambystomatidae). We compared the feeding behavior of the subgenus Ambystoma (A. californiense and A. macrodactylum) with that of the subgenus Linguaelapsus (A. mabeei, A. texanum, A. annulatum, and A. cingulatum). Prey capture by all six species is characterized by a 3-part gape cycle (a period of rapid mouth opening prior to extraoral tongue protraction, followed by a period of relatively stable gape angle during extraoral tongue protraction and retraction, followed by a period of rapid mouth closure), a tongue-extension cycle (protraction and retraction), and anterior head–body displacement. Among the six species, two distinct modes of prey capture are evident: (1) the Ambystoma mode (A. californiense, A. macrodactylum, A. mabeei, and A. texanum), and (2) the Linguaelapsus mode (A. annulatum and A. cingulatum). Most differences in prey-capture kinematics between the two modes are primarily differences of degree rather than the addition or loss of unique behaviors, and include a general reduction in the gape angles and a general increase in the elapsed times associated with specific events in the Linguaelapsus mode. We hypothesize that these differences are primarily the result of a prolonged period of tongue protraction in the Linguaelapsus mode during which the glandular tongue pad is fitted to the prey. In addition to differing from each other, the gape profiles of the ambystomatid subgenera differ markedly from the 4-part gape profiles of plethodontids and salamandrids.

Morphological basis of kinematic diversity in feeding sunfishes

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (22) ◽  
pp. 3101-3110 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Wainwright ◽  
S.S. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Centrarchid Fishes

The effects of differences among species in the scaling of lower jaw levers on the scaling of prey-capture kinematics are explored in three species of centrarchid fishes. We consider the jaw opening and closing lever systems and calculate the consequences of differences in the scaling of the in-levers for the scaling of the time taken to open the mouth (T(o)) and the time taken to close the mouth (T(c)) during prey capture. Predictions of T(o) and T(c), based on differences in the scaling of jaw in-levers, are compared with the observed scaling of T(o) and T(c) in three centrarchid fishes. Video recordings (200 and 400 images s(−)(1)) were made of prey capture in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (33–206 mm standard length, SL), spotted sunfish Lepomis punctatus (24–145 mm SL) and bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus (24–220 mm SL), and the fastest values of T(o) and T(c) were taken from the fastest recorded feeding event for each fish. The scaling exponents of T(o) and T(c) regressed on fish SL for largemouth bass were 0.592 and 0.572, respectively. Exponents observed for sunfishes were not significantly different from predicted values, based on scaling exponents in largemouth bass and interspecific differences in jaw lever proportions. Two conclusions are emphasized. First, between 25 and 220 mm SL, the time taken to open and close the mouth during the strike increases with body size in all three species, suggesting a general pattern for this family. Second, evolutionary changes in jaw lever mechanics are a major determinant of the diversity of prey-capture kinematics in this sample of centrarchid fishes.

scholarly journals Rapid adaptive evolution of scale-eating kinematics to a novel ecological niche

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle E. St. John ◽  
Roi Holzman ◽  
Christopher H. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Obtuse Angle ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
San Salvador ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Foraging Preferences ◽  
Feeding Kinematics

AbstractThe origins of novel trophic specialization, in which organisms begin to exploit novel resources for the first time, may be explained by shifts in behavior such as foraging preferences or feeding kinematics. One way to investigate the behavioral mechanisms underlying ecological novelty is by comparing prey capture kinematics between groups. In this study, we investigated the contribution of kinematics to the origins of a novel ecological niche for scale-eating within a microendemic adaptive radiation of pupfishes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We compared prey capture kinematics across three species of pupfish while consuming shrimp and scales in the lab and found that scale-eating pupfish exhibited peak gape sizes that were twice as large as all other groups, but also attacked prey with a more obtuse angle between their lower jaw and suspensorium. We then investigated how this variation in feeding kinematics could explain scale-biting performance by measuring the surface area removed per strike from standardized gelatin cubes. We found that a combination of larger peak gape and more obtuse lower jaw and suspensorium angles resulted in 67% more surface area removed per strike, indicating that scale-eaters may reside on a performance optimum for scale-biting. We also measured feeding kinematics of F1 hybrids to test whether feeding performance could contribute to reproductive isolation between species and found that F1 hybrid kinematics and performance more closely resembled those of generalists, suggesting that they may have low fitness in the scale-eating niche. Ultimately, our results suggest that the evolution of strike kinematics in this radiation is an adaptation to the novel niche of scale-eating.

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