scholarly journals Phasic action of the tensor muscle modulates the calling song in cicadas

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (7) ◽  
pp. 1535-1544
Author(s):  
P Fonseca ◽  
R Hennig
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Time Correlation ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effect of tensor muscle contraction on sound production by the tymbal was investigated in three species of cicadas (Tettigetta josei, Tettigetta argentata and Tympanistalna gastrica). All species showed a strict time correlation between the activity of the tymbal motoneurone and the discharge of motor units in the tensor nerve during the calling song. Lesion of the tensor nerve abolished the amplitude modulation of the calling song, but this modulation was restored by electrical stimulation of the tensor nerve or by mechanically pushing the tensor sclerite. Electrical stimulation of the tensor nerve at frequencies higher than 30­40 Hz changed the sound amplitude. In Tett. josei and Tett. argentata there was a gradual increase in sound amplitude with increasing frequency of tensor nerve stimulation, while in Tymp. gastrica there was a sudden reduction in sound amplitude at stimulation frequencies higher than 30 Hz. This contrasting effect in Tymp. gastrica was due to a bistable tymbal frame. Changes in sound pulse amplitude were positively correlated with changes in the time lag measured from tymbal motoneurone stimulation to the sound pulse. The tensor muscle acted phasically because electrical stimulation of the tensor nerve during a time window (0­10 ms) before electrical stimulation of the tymbal motoneurone was most effective in eliciting amplitude modulations. In all species, the tensor muscle action visibly changed the shape of the tymbal. Despite the opposite effects of the tensor muscle on sound pulse amplitude observed between Tettigetta and Tympanistalna species, the tensor muscle of both acts by modulating the shape of the tymbal, which changes the force required for the tymbal muscle to buckle the tymbal.

scholarly journals FUNCTION OF THE TENSOR MUSCLE IN THE CICADA TIBICEN LINNEI

1994 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44
Author(s):  
R Hennig ◽  
T Weber ◽  
T Moore ◽  
F Huber ◽  
H Kleindienst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Muscle Action ◽  
Mechanical Working ◽  
Nerve Recordings ◽  
Stimulation Of

The calling song and the disturbance squawk of the cicada Tibicen linnei (Insecta: Homoptera) are described in terms of their physical parameters. The calling song is composed of quiet parts, which are very similar to the disturbance squawk, and loud parts, which are amplitude- and rate-modulated. The role of the tensor muscle acting on the tymbal frame in modulating the sound pulse amplitude was investigated. We demonstrate by tensor nerve recordings, by mechanical mimicking of the tensor muscle action and by electrical stimulation of the tensor nerve, that the contraction of the tensor muscle is responsible for (a) initiating sound production and (b) modulating the sound pulse amplitude. These results allow us to construct a model which suggests that the tensor shifts the tymbal into a mechanical working range that enables sound production and modulation of the sound pulse amplitude.

scholarly journals The effect of electrical stimulation of the corticospinal tract on motor units of the human biceps brachii

2002 ◽  
Vol 544 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas T. Petersen ◽  
Janet L. Taylor ◽  
Simon C. Gandevia
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Stimulation Of

Spatial distribution of motor units recruited during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle versus the femoral nerve

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 752-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Rodriguez-Falces ◽  
Nicola A. Maffiuletti ◽  
Nicolas Place
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals AUDITORY THRESHOLD CHANGE IN SINGING CICADAS

1994 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Hennig ◽  
T Weber ◽  
F Huber ◽  
H Kleindienst ◽  
T Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Auditory Threshold ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Auditory Nerves ◽  
Stimulation Of

The hearing sensitivity in singing cicadas is reduced during sound production by a folding of the tympanal membranes. Using electrophysiological recording and nerve stimulation techniques, we have shown an effect of the folded tympanum on the auditory threshold of two species of cicadas, Tibicen linnei and Okanagana rimosa. Auditory thresholds of both species increased by about 20 dB when the tympana folded during singing. In T. linnei the increase in threshold affected the whole frequency range, from 1 to 16 kHz, in a similar way. Electrical stimulation of one or both auditory nerves resulted in a folding of both tympanal membranes in a way very similar to that seen in singing animals. We have demonstrated that a cicada male is able to adjust its auditory threshold within a range of about 20 dB by the tympanal folding mechanism.

Sound Production in a Brazilian Cicada

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-337
Author(s):  
D. J. AIDLEY
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Some aspects of the physiology of sound production in the Brazilian cicada Fidicana rana Walker have been investigated. 2. Three types of natural song are described. Singing can also be induced by electrical stimulation of the head. 3. The tymbal muscles are neurogenically activated and contract alternately. 4. The directional properties of the sound field produced by clicking of the tymbal are described, and the physical properties of the system necessary to produce this directionality are discussed. 5. Removal of the abdomen does not decrease the sound intensity during song produced by electrical stimulation, hence it is concluded that the abdominal air sac does not act as a resonant chamber. 6. The means whereby the sound intensity is varied are discussed. 7. A brief account is given of the occurrence of the different types of song in the natural habitat.

scholarly journals Physiological recruitment of motor units by high-frequency electrical stimulation of afferent pathways

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob L. Dideriksen ◽  
Silvia Muceli ◽  
Strahinja Dosen ◽  
Christopher M. Laine ◽  
Dario Farina
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Unit ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Motor Unit Recruitment ◽  
Afferent Stimulation ◽  
Reflex Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is commonly used in rehabilitation, but electrically evoked muscle activation is in several ways different from voluntary muscle contractions. These differences lead to challenges in the use of NMES for restoring muscle function. We investigated the use of low-current, high-frequency nerve stimulation to activate the muscle via the spinal motoneuron (MN) pool to achieve more natural activation patterns. Using a novel stimulation protocol, the H-reflex responses to individual stimuli in a train of stimulation pulses at 100 Hz were reliably estimated with surface EMG during low-level contractions. Furthermore, single motor unit recruitment by afferent stimulation was analyzed with intramuscular EMG. The results showed that substantially elevated H-reflex responses were obtained during 100-Hz stimulation with respect to a lower stimulation frequency. Furthermore, motor unit recruitment using 100-Hz stimulation was not fully synchronized, as it occurs in classic NMES, and the discharge rates differed among motor units because each unit was activated only after a specific number of stimuli. The most likely mechanism behind these observations is the temporal summation of subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials from Ia fibers to the MNs. These findings and their interpretation were also verified by a realistic simulation model of afferent stimulation of a MN population. These results suggest that the proposed stimulation strategy may allow generation of considerable levels of muscle activation by motor unit recruitment that resembles the physiological conditions.

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