Sound Production in a Brazilian Cicada

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-337
Author(s):  
D. J. AIDLEY
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Some aspects of the physiology of sound production in the Brazilian cicada Fidicana rana Walker have been investigated. 2. Three types of natural song are described. Singing can also be induced by electrical stimulation of the head. 3. The tymbal muscles are neurogenically activated and contract alternately. 4. The directional properties of the sound field produced by clicking of the tymbal are described, and the physical properties of the system necessary to produce this directionality are discussed. 5. Removal of the abdomen does not decrease the sound intensity during song produced by electrical stimulation, hence it is concluded that the abdominal air sac does not act as a resonant chamber. 6. The means whereby the sound intensity is varied are discussed. 7. A brief account is given of the occurrence of the different types of song in the natural habitat.

scholarly journals Electrical Stimulation for Immune Modulation in Cancer Treatments

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritopa Das ◽  
Sofia Langou ◽  
Thinh T. Le ◽  
Pooja Prasad ◽  
Feng Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
High Doses ◽  
T Cell Transfer ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Stimulation Of

Immunotherapy is becoming a very common treatment for cancer, using approaches like checkpoint inhibition, T cell transfer therapy, monoclonal antibodies and cancer vaccination. However, these approaches involve high doses of immune therapeutics with problematic side effects. A promising approach to reducing the dose of immunotherapeutic agents given to a cancer patient is to combine it with electrical stimulation, which can act in two ways; it can either modulate the immune system to produce the immune cytokines and agents in the patient’s body or it can increase the cellular uptake of these immune agents via electroporation. Electrical stimulation in form of direct current has been shown to reduce tumor sizes in immune-competent mice while having no effect on tumor sizes in immune-deficient mice. Several studies have used nano-pulsed electrical stimulations to activate the immune system and drive it against tumor cells. This approach has been utilized for different types of cancers, like fibrosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, human papillomavirus etc. Another common approach is to combine electrochemotherapy with immune modulation, either by inducing immunogenic cell death or injecting immunostimulants that increase the effectiveness of the treatments. Several therapies utilize electroporation to deliver immunostimulants (like genes encoded with cytokine producing sequences, cancer specific antigens or fragments of anti-tumor toxins) more effectively. Lastly, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can trigger production and activation of anti-tumor immune cells and immune reactions. Hence, the use of electrical stimulation to modulate the immune system in different ways can be a promising approach to treat cancer.

scholarly journals Phasic action of the tensor muscle modulates the calling song in cicadas

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (7) ◽  
pp. 1535-1544
Author(s):  
P Fonseca ◽  
R Hennig
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Time Correlation ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Sound Pulse ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effect of tensor muscle contraction on sound production by the tymbal was investigated in three species of cicadas (Tettigetta josei, Tettigetta argentata and Tympanistalna gastrica). All species showed a strict time correlation between the activity of the tymbal motoneurone and the discharge of motor units in the tensor nerve during the calling song. Lesion of the tensor nerve abolished the amplitude modulation of the calling song, but this modulation was restored by electrical stimulation of the tensor nerve or by mechanically pushing the tensor sclerite. Electrical stimulation of the tensor nerve at frequencies higher than 30­40 Hz changed the sound amplitude. In Tett. josei and Tett. argentata there was a gradual increase in sound amplitude with increasing frequency of tensor nerve stimulation, while in Tymp. gastrica there was a sudden reduction in sound amplitude at stimulation frequencies higher than 30 Hz. This contrasting effect in Tymp. gastrica was due to a bistable tymbal frame. Changes in sound pulse amplitude were positively correlated with changes in the time lag measured from tymbal motoneurone stimulation to the sound pulse. The tensor muscle acted phasically because electrical stimulation of the tensor nerve during a time window (0­10 ms) before electrical stimulation of the tymbal motoneurone was most effective in eliciting amplitude modulations. In all species, the tensor muscle action visibly changed the shape of the tymbal. Despite the opposite effects of the tensor muscle on sound pulse amplitude observed between Tettigetta and Tympanistalna species, the tensor muscle of both acts by modulating the shape of the tymbal, which changes the force required for the tymbal muscle to buckle the tymbal.

Epidural Epinephrine and Clonidine 

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Curatolo ◽  
Steen Petersen-Felix ◽  
Lars Arendt-Nielsen ◽  
Alex M. Zbinden
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sural Nerve ◽  
Temporal Summation ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Pain Rating ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Pressure Pain ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Painful Area ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background It is not known whether epidural epinephrine has an analgesic effect per se. The segmental distribution of clonidine epidural analgesia and its effects on temporal summation and different types of noxious stimuli are unknown. The aim of this study was to clarify these issues. Methods Fifteen healthy volunteers received epidurally (L2-L3 or L3-L4) 20 ml of either epinephrine, 100 microg, in saline; clonidine, 8 microg/kg, in saline; or saline, 0.9%, alone, on three different days in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over fashion. Pain rating after electrical stimulation, pinprick, and cold perception were recorded on the dermatomes S1, L4, L1, T9, T6, T1, and forehead. Pressure pain tolerance threshold was recorded at S1, T6, and ear. Pain thresholds to single and repeated (temporal summation) electrical stimulation of the sural nerve were determined. Results Epinephrine significantly reduced sensitivity to pinprick at L1-L4-S1. Clonidine significantly decreased pain rating after electrical stimulation at L1-L4 and sensitivity to pinprick and cold at L1-L4-S1, increased pressure pain tolerance threshold at S1, and increased thresholds after single and repeated stimulation of the sural nerve. Conclusions Epidural epinephrine and clonidine produce segmental hypoalgesia. Clonidine bolus should be administered at a spinal level corresponding to the painful area. Clonidine inhibits temporal summation elicited by repeated electrical stimulation and may therefore attenuate spinal cord hyperexcitability.

scholarly journals AUDITORY THRESHOLD CHANGE IN SINGING CICADAS

1994 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Hennig ◽  
T Weber ◽  
F Huber ◽  
H Kleindienst ◽  
T Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Auditory Threshold ◽  
Electrophysiological Recording ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Auditory Nerves ◽  
Stimulation Of

The hearing sensitivity in singing cicadas is reduced during sound production by a folding of the tympanal membranes. Using electrophysiological recording and nerve stimulation techniques, we have shown an effect of the folded tympanum on the auditory threshold of two species of cicadas, Tibicen linnei and Okanagana rimosa. Auditory thresholds of both species increased by about 20 dB when the tympana folded during singing. In T. linnei the increase in threshold affected the whole frequency range, from 1 to 16 kHz, in a similar way. Electrical stimulation of one or both auditory nerves resulted in a folding of both tympanal membranes in a way very similar to that seen in singing animals. We have demonstrated that a cicada male is able to adjust its auditory threshold within a range of about 20 dB by the tympanal folding mechanism.

scholarly journals Orbitofrontal cortex contributes to the comparison of values underlying economic choices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien Ballesta ◽  
Weikang Shi ◽  
Camillo Padoa-Schioppa
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Economic Choices ◽  
Stimulation Of

Economic choices between goods entail the computation and comparison of subjective values. Previous studies examined neuronal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of monkeys choosing between different types of juices. Three groups of neurons were identified: offer value cells encoding the value of individual offers, chosen juice cells encoding the identity of the chosen juice, and chosen value cells encoding the value of the chosen offer. The encoded variables capture both the input (offer value) and the output (chosen juice, chosen value) of the decision process, suggesting that values are compared within OFC. Recent work demonstrates that choices are causally linked to the activity of offer value cells. Conversely, the hypothesis that OFC contributes to value comparison has not been confirmed. Here we show that weak electrical stimulation of OFC specifically disrupts value comparison without altering offer values. This result implies that neuronal populations in OFC participate in the decision process.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of force depression caused by different types of physical exercise studied by direct electrical stimulation of human quadriceps muscle

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2215-2224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albertas Skurvydas ◽  
Gediminas Mamkus ◽  
Sigitas Kamandulis ◽  
Vilma Dudoniene ◽  
Dovile Valanciene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Force Depression ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Stimulation Of

Sound Production By the Cod (Gadus Callarias L.)

Behaviour ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivien M. Brawn
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Short Delay ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cryptic Coloration ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Aggressive Male ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractMale and female cod greater than 37 cm. in total length were heard to produce a low grunting sound in captivity. The sound has a peak frequency of about 50 cycles per second, and a duration of about one fifth of a second. The swimbladder shows features which would increase its value as a sound producing organ if vibrated by the drumming muscles attached to it, but this drumming could not be produced by electrical stimulation of recently killed cod. Cod in captivity most frequently produced sounds in February and March associated with spawning and from September to November when the fish were very aggressive. Sounds associated with spawning increased in frequency after sunset but at other times of the year the sounds ceased at dusk. Grunting sounds made during the threat display of aggressive male and female cod were intimidating if produced within about six inches of the threatened fish. In the spawning season grunts were only made by the males and were used with aggressive behaviour to remove immature females and less vigorous males from the vicinity of dominant males. Grunts accompanied the courtship display of the male and stimulated the female to respond more adequately to the display and to swim upwards to spawn. Males mistakenly mounted by other males grunted and broke up the pairing. Sounds were produced by cod frightened by strange objects, when startled or when fleeing from aggressive cod or a natural predator (Conger conger). Severely frightened cod assumed a cryptic coloration, pressed down on the bottom and were silent even when strongly stimulated. Electrical stimulation of living cod caused some grunts, usually with signs of fear. Grunts accompanying choking were assumed to be involuntary. Aggression with the production of sounds was not used in competitive feeding but stimulation by food increased the frequency of aggressive behaviour after a short delay. Cod rarely grunted when stroked and did not produce sounds at temperatures below 4° C. Cod in a new environment were usually silent.

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