Salivary glands of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain pharmacologically active amounts of adenosine and 5′-AMP

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (11) ◽  
pp. 1551-1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Ribeiro ◽  
O. Katz ◽  
L.K. Pannell ◽  
J. Waitumbi ◽  
A. Warburg
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Phosphatase Substrate ◽  
Allosteric Modification

Salivary gland homogenates of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain large amounts of adenosine and 5′-AMP, of the order of 1 nmol per pair of glands, as demonstrated by liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrometry, mass spectrometry and bioassays. These purines, 75–80 % of which are secreted from the glands following a blood meal, have vasodilatory and anti-platelet activities and probably help the fly to obtain a blood meal. Salivary 5′-AMP is also responsible for the previously reported protein phosphatase inhibitor in the salivary glands of P. papatasi, which is shown to be artifactual in nature as a result of allosteric modification by AMP of the phosphatase substrate used (phosphorylase a).

Differential Expression of Salivary Gland Genes in the Female Sand Fly Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1146-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliano V. Coutinho-Abreu ◽  
Mariha Wadsworth ◽  
Gwen Stayback ◽  
Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao ◽  
Mary Ann Mcdowell
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi

scholarly journals Identification of Immmunogenic Salivary Proteins of Anopheles vagus based on Mass Spectrometry Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Dwi Esti Febriyantiningsih ◽  
Kartika Senjarini ◽  
Rike Oktarianti
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Western Blot Analysis ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Immunogenic Proteins ◽  
Anopheles Vagus

Malaria has been prevalent for a long time in tropical developing regions causing great morbidity and mortality. Among the malaria vectors, Anopheles vagus has been known as secondary malaria vector in East Java. Salivary glands of mosquitoes perform various functions for survival of the vectors and also conducive for blood feeding, harbouring of malaria parasites, and eventual parasite transmission. The salivary gland proteomes of An. vagus have not been carried out yet. The aim of our study was to identify and characterize the immunogenic proteins of salivary glands proteins of An. vagus. A proteomic approach combining one-dimensional electrophoresis (1DE) followed by western blot analysis using human sera from healthy people living in an endemic area (Kendal); liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and bioinformatic analysis was adopted to provide the first direct insight into identification and characterization of salivary proteins of An. vagus. Identification of immunogenic proteins using western blot analysis has revealed three immunogenic bands which had molecular weights of 69, 75 and 232 kDa. Among those proteins analysed by LC-MS/MS, there were alpha,1-4 glucan phosphorylase, putative myosin class I heavy chain which have the highest number of total spectrum count peptide. Other proteins like vitellogenin and heat shock protein 82 (Hsp82) were also identified. The majority of proteins were scrutinized marked for their role in metabolism, cytoskeleton protein and stress response. Keywords: Anopheles vagus, salivary gland, immunogenic, proteomics

scholarly journals Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly salivary protein diversity and immune response potential in Egypt and Jordan populations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Flanley ◽  
Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigao ◽  
Iliano V. Coutinho-Abreu ◽  
Rami Mukbel ◽  
Hanafi A. Hanafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Salivary Protein ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

AbstractPhlebotomus papatasi sand flies inject their hosts with a myriad of pharmacologically active salivary proteins to assist with blood feeding and to modulate host defenses. These salivary proteins have been studied for their role in cutaneous leishmaniasis disease outcome with different salivary proteins attenuating or exacerbating lesion size. Studies have shown that while co-administered sand fly saliva exacerbates Leishmania major infections in naïve mice, animals pre-exposed to saliva are protected, with the infection attenuated via a delayed-type hypersensitivity immune reaction. These studies highlight the potential of the salivary components to be used as a vaccine. One protein in particular, P. papatasi salivary protein 15 (PpSP15) has been intensively studied because of its ability to protect mice against Le. major challenge. The number of antigenic molecules included in vaccines is restricted thus emphasizing the role of population genetics to identify molecules, like PpSP15, that are functionally significant, conserved across populations and do not experience selection. Three distinct ecotope study sites, one in Egypt (Aswan) and two in Jordan (Swaimeh and Malka), were chosen based on their elevation, rainfall, vegetation, differing reservoir species, and the presence or absence of Le. major. The objective of this work was to analyze the genetic variability of nine of the most abundantly expressed salivary proteins including PpSP12, PpSP14, PpSP28, PpSP29, PpSP30, PpSP32, PpSP36, PpSP42, and PpSP44 and to predict their ability to elicit an immune response. Two proteins, PpSP12 and PpSP14, demonstrated low genetic variability across the three sand fly populations represented in this study, with multiple predicted MHCII epitope binding sites, identified by alleles present in the human populations from the study sites. The other seven salivary proteins revealed greater allelic variation across the same sand fly populations indicating that their use as vaccine targets may prove to be challenging.

scholarly journals Developmentally regulated infectivity of malaria sporozoites for mosquito salivary glands and the vertebrate host.

1992 ◽  
Vol 175 (6) ◽  
pp. 1607-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
M G Touray ◽  
A Warburg ◽  
A Laughinghouse ◽  
A U Krettli ◽  
L H Miller
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Circumsporozoite Protein ◽  
Vertebrate Host ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Mosquito Salivary Gland ◽  
Uninfected Female

Sporozoites are an invasive stage of the malaria parasite in both the mosquito vector and the vertebrate host. We developed an in vivo assay for mosquito salivary gland invasion by preparing Plasmodium gallinaceum sporozoites from infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes under physiological conditions and inoculating them into uninfected female Ae. aegypti. Sporozoites from mature oocysts were isolated from mosquito abdomens 10 or 11 d after an infective blood meal. Salivary gland sporozoites were isolated 13 or 14 d after an infective blood meal. Purified oocyst sporozoites that were inoculated into uninfected female mosquitoes invaded their salivary glands. Using the same assay system, sporozoites derived from salivary glands did not reinvade the salivary glands after inoculation. Conversely, as few as 10 to 50 salivary gland sporozoites induced infection in chickens, while only 2 of 10 chickens inoculated with 5,000 oocyst sporozoites were infected. Both sporozoite populations were found to express a circumsporozoite protein on the sporozoite surface as determined by immunofluorescence assay and circumsporozoite precipitation test using a circumsporozoite protein-specific monoclonal antibody. We conclude that molecules other than this circumsporozoite protein may be responsible for the differential invasion of mosquito salivary glands or infection of the vertebrate host.

scholarly journals The Phlebotomus Papatasi Transcriptomic Response to Trypanosomatid-contaminated Blood is Robust but non-specific

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan A. Sloan ◽  
Jovana Sadlova ◽  
Tereza Lestinova ◽  
Mandy J. Sanders ◽  
James A. Cotton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Transcriptomic Response ◽  
Infected Blood ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
Contaminated Blood ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Abstract Background Leishmaniasis, caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a disease that effects up to 8 million people worldwide. Parasites are transmitted to human and animal hosts through the bite of an infected sand fly. Novel strategies for disease control, require a better understanding of the key step for transmission namely, the establishment of infection inside the fly.Methods In this work we wanted to identify fly transcriptomic signatures associated with infected blood meal with non-infected blood meal as our baseline. We used next generation sequencing to describe the transcriptome of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi when fed with blood alone or with blood containing one of three trypanosomatids: Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani and Herpetomonas muscarum: a parasite not transmitted to humans.Results Of these, only L. major was able to successfully establish an infection in P. papatasi. However, the transcriptional signatures observed were not specific to success or failure of infection but a generalised response to the blood meal.Conclusions This implies that sand flies perceive Leishmania as just one feature of their microbiome landscape and that any strategy to tackle transmission should focus on the response towards the blood meal rather than parasite establishment. This result will generate new thinking around the concept of stopping transmission by controlling the parasite inside the insect.

scholarly journals Expression plasticity of Phlebotomus papatasi salivary gland genes in distinct ecotopes through the sand fly season

BMC Ecology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliano V Coutinho-Abreu ◽  
Rami Mukbel ◽  
Hanafi A Hanafi ◽  
Emad Y Fawaz ◽  
Shabaan S El-Hossary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi

scholarly journals Updating the Salivary Gland Transcriptome of Phlebotomus papatasi (Tunisian Strain): The Search for Sand Fly-Secreted Immunogenic Proteins for Humans

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e47347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maha Abdeladhim ◽  
Ryan C. Jochim ◽  
Melika Ben Ahmed ◽  
Elyes Zhioua ◽  
Ifhem Chelbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Immunogenic Proteins

Species-specific antigens in salivary glands of phlebotomine sandflies

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. VOLF ◽  
I. ROHOUšOVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Phlebotomine Sandflies ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Species Specific

Saliva inoculated by sandfly females during feeding stimulated production of high levels of anti-saliva antibodies. To determine whether 3 species of the genus Phlebotomus have species-specific salivary antigens we performed dot-blots and immunoblots using sera from mice, hamsters and rabbits repeatedly bitten by sandflies. Important differences were found in the antigen components of the salivary gland lysates (SGL) of Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perniciosus and P. halepensis. In total 4–9 species-specific antigens were detected in each species by immunoblotting. Cross-reactivity was not detected between P. papatasi and the other species tested; in the SGL of P. papatasi sera from animals bitten by this species recognized 5–7 major antigens while sera from animals bitten by other species did not react. A weak cross-reaction was observed between P. perniciosus and P. halepensis; in SGL from P. perniciosus, the sera from rabbits and hamsters bitten by this species recognized about 8 intense bands while sera from animals bitten by P. halepensis reacted weakly with up to 4 saliva polypeptides.

scholarly journals The Phlebotomus papatasi systemic transcriptional response to trypanosomatid-contaminated blood does not differ from the non-infected blood meal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan A. Sloan ◽  
Jovana Sadlova ◽  
Tereza Lestinova ◽  
Mandy J. Sanders ◽  
James A. Cotton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
Contaminated Blood

Abstract Background Leishmaniasis, caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a disease that effects up to 8 million people worldwide. Parasites are transmitted to human and animal hosts through the bite of an infected sand fly. Novel strategies for disease control, require a better understanding of the key step for transmission namely, the establishment of infection inside the fly. Methods In this work we wanted to identify fly systemic transcriptomic signatures associated with Leishmania infection. We used next generation sequencing to describe the transcriptome of whole Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies when fed with blood alone (control) or with blood containing one of three trypanosomatids: Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani and Herpetomonas muscarum: a parasite not transmitted to humans. Results Of these, only L. major is able to successfully establish an infection in P. papatasi. However, the transcriptional signatures observed after each parasite-contaminated blood meal were not specific to success or failure of a specific infection and were not different from each other. They were also indistinguishable from non-contaminated blood. Conclusions This implies that sand flies perceive Leishmania as just one feature of their microbiome landscape and that any strategy to tackle transmission should focus on the response towards the blood meal rather than parasite establishment. Alternatively, Leishmania could suppress host responses. These results will generate new thinking around the concept of stopping transmission by controlling the parasite inside the insect.

scholarly journals The Phlebotomus papatasi systemic transcriptional response to trypanosomatid-contaminated blood does not differ from the non-infected blood meal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan A. Sloan ◽  
Jovana Sadlova ◽  
Tereza Lestinova ◽  
Mandy J. Sanders ◽  
James A. Cotton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
Contaminated Blood

Abstract Background Leishmaniasis, caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a disease that effects up to 8 million people worldwide. Parasites are transmitted to human and animal hosts through the bite of an infected sand fly. Novel strategies for disease control, require a better understanding of the key step for transmission namely, the establishment of infection inside the fly. Methods In this work we wanted to identify fly systemic transcriptomic signatures associated with Leishmania infection. We used next generation sequencing to describe the transcriptome of whole Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies when fed with blood alone (control) or with blood containing one of three trypanosomatids: Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani and Herpetomonas muscarum: a parasite not transmitted to humans. Results Of these, only L. major is able to successfully establish an infection in P. papatasi. However, the transcriptional signatures observed after each parasite-contaminated blood meal were not specific to success or failure of a specific infection and were not different from each other. They were also indistinguishable from non-contaminated blood. Conclusions This implies that sand flies perceive Leishmania as just one feature of their microbiome landscape and that any strategy to tackle transmission should focus on the response towards the blood meal rather than parasite establishment. Alternatively, Leishmania could suppress host responses. These results will generate new thinking around the concept of stopping transmission by controlling the parasite inside the insect.

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