Function of the oblique hypaxial muscles in trotting dogs

SUMMARYIn trotting dogs, the pattern of activity of the obliquely oriented hypaxial muscles is consistent with the possible functions of (i) stabilization against vertical accelerations that cause the trunk to sag in the sagittal plane and (ii) stabilization against forces that tend to shear the trunk in the sagittal plane. To test these hypotheses, we compared the amount of activity of the intercostal and abdominal oblique muscles (i) when dogs carried additional mass (8–15% of body mass) supported over the limb girdles versus supported mid-trunk (test of sagittal bounce), and (ii) when dogs trotted up versus down a 10° slope (test of sagittal shear). In response to the loading manipulations, only the internal oblique muscle responded in a manner that was consistent with stabilization of the trunk against forces that cause the trunk to sag sagittally. In contrast, when the fore–aft forces were manipulated by running up- and downhill, all four of the monitored muscles changed their activity in a manner consistent with stabilization of the trunk against sagittal shearing. Specifically, muscles with a craniodorsal orientation (external oblique and external intercostal muscles) showed an increase in activity when the dogs ran downhill and a decrease when they ran uphill. Muscles with a cranioventral orientation (internal oblique and internal intercostal muscles) exhibited the opposite pattern: increased activity when the dogs ran uphill and decreased activity when they ran downhill. Changes in activity of two extrinsic appendicular muscles, the serratus ventralis and deep pectoralis, during uphill and downhill running were also consistent with the sagittal shearing hypothesis. In contrast, changes in the level of recruitment of the oblique hypaxial muscles were not consistent with stabilization of the trunk against torques that induce yaw at the girdles. Hence, we suggest that the oblique hypaxial muscles of trotting dogs act to stabilize the trunk against sagittal shearing torques induced by limb retraction (fore–aft acceleration) and protraction (fore–aft deceleration).

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Asymmetry in internal oblique muscle thickness: Not the key to a cricket fast bowler's performance

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/17479541211065844 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 174795412110658

Author(s):

Benita Olivier ◽

Franso-Mari Olivier ◽

Nkazimulo Mnguni ◽

Oluchukwu Loveth Obiora

Keyword(s):

Effect Size ◽

Muscle Thickness ◽

Trunk Muscle ◽

Oblique Muscle ◽

Lumbar Multifidus ◽

Ball Release ◽

External Oblique ◽

Release Speed ◽

Internal Oblique ◽

Dominant Side

Purpose Previous studies found that trunk muscle asymmetry may play a role in preventing injury in cricket fast bowlers, while the association with bowling performance has not been investigated. This study aims to describe the side-to-side differences in trunk muscle thickness and determine the association between bowling performance and these side-to-side differences in trunk muscle thickness in adolescent fast bowlers. Methods In this observational cross-sectional study, bowling performance, namely ball release speed and bowling accuracy, was recorded in adolescent fast bowlers. Ultrasound imaging measured external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus muscle thickness. Results Fast bowlers (n = 46) with a mean age of 15.9 (±1.2) years participated. On the non-dominant side, the external oblique and internal oblique at rest were thicker than on the dominant side (external oblique: p = 0.011, effect size = 0.27; internal oblique: p < 0.0001, effect size = 0.40), while the transversus abdominus ( p = 0.72, effect size = 0.19) and lumbar multifidus ( p = 0.668, effect size = 0.04) were symmetrical. Weak correlations existed between bowling performance and the side-to-side differences in the thickness in all muscles, except for two moderate correlations: 1. The smaller the side-to-side difference in absolute thickness of the external oblique when contracted, the faster the ball release speed (Spearman's (ρ) = −0.455, p = 0.002). 2. Also, a smaller side-to-side difference in external oblique contraction ratio (Spearman's (ρ) = −0.495, p = 0.0001) was associated with faster ball release speed. Conclusions No relationship between bowling performance and side-to-side differences in internal oblique muscle thickness could be established, while more symmetrical external oblique muscles may be linked to faster ball release speeds.

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A New Approach to Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh Block

Anaesthesia and Intensive Care ◽

10.1177/0310057x8601400203 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 126-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

T. C. K. Brown ◽

D. R. V. Dickens

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Nerve ◽

Oblique Muscle ◽

New Approach ◽

Internal Oblique Muscle ◽

Loss Of Resistance ◽

External Oblique Aponeurosis ◽

External Oblique ◽

Lateral Cutaneous Nerve ◽

Internal Oblique ◽

Fascial Layer

A new approach to the lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh is described. It depends on locating the depth of the canal through which the nerve passes immediately medial to the anterior superior iliac spine. Anatomical dissections show that it lies deep to the attachments of external oblique aponeurosis, the internal oblique muscle, and a deep fascial layer. Two district ‘pops’ or loss of resistance can be identified during insertion of a short-bevelled needle. Location of the canal by the technique described has been confirmed radiographically.

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Effect of the Abdominal Draw-In Maneuver and Bracing on Abdominal Muscle Thickness and the Associated Subjective Difficulty in Healthy Individuals

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare8040496 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 496

Author(s):

Sachiko Madokoro ◽

Masami Yokogawa ◽

Hiroichi Miaki

Keyword(s):

Muscle Thickness ◽

Abdominal Muscle ◽

Transversus Abdominis ◽

Oblique Muscle ◽

Spinal Stability ◽

Effective Training ◽

External Oblique ◽

Orthopedic Diseases ◽

Internal Oblique ◽

Made In

We evaluated the trunk abdominal muscle thickness while performing different exercises to identify the most effective training and to investigate the subjective difficulty associated with exercising. Twenty-eight men (mean age: 21.6 ± 0.9 years) without orthopedic diseases were enrolled. Ultrasonic imaging was used to measure the thickness of the transversus abdominis (TA), internal oblique, and external oblique muscles while at rest and while performing the abdominal draw-in maneuver and abdominal bracing. Measurements were made in the supine and sitting positions, and the subjective difficulty in performing each exercise was examined using a 5-level evaluation scale. The TA and internal oblique muscle thicknesses were significantly greater during the abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM) than during bracing or resting, in the supine and sitting positions. The subjective difficulty of abdominal bracing (AB) was graded significantly higher than that of ADIM. Additionally, a correlation between subjective difficulty and muscle thickness was found for the TA and IO. Our results may contribute to the choice of more effective exercises for spinal stability.

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II. On the epipubis in the dog and fox

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rspl.1879.0100 ◽

1880 ◽

Vol 30 (200-205) ◽

pp. 162-163

Keyword(s):

Anterior Margin ◽

Outer Part ◽

Fascia Lata ◽

Oblique Muscle ◽

Outer Side ◽

Constant Structure ◽

Femoral Vessels ◽

The Common ◽

External Oblique ◽

Internal Oblique

In 1871 I gave a brief description of a structure which I had observed in the dog, in the following terms:— “In the myology of the dog, the insertion of the tendon of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen presents some interesting peculiarities. The outer and posterior fibres of this muscle end in a fascia, which is partly continued over the thigh as fascia lata , and partly forms an arch (Poupart’s ligament) over the femoral vessels; by its inner end it is inserted into the outer side of a triangular fibro-cartilage, the broad base of which is attached to the anterior margin of the pubis, between its spine and the symphysis, while its apex lies in the abdominal parietes. The internal tendon of the external oblique unites with the tendon of the internal oblique to form the inner pillar of the abdominal ring, and is inserted into the inner side of the triangular fibro-cartilage. The pectineus is attached to the ventral face of the cartilage; the outer part of the tendon of the rectus into its dorsal face; but the chief part of that tendon is inserted into the pubis behind it. This fibro-cartilage appears to represent the marsupial bone, or cartilage, of the Monotremes and Marsupials.” The only reference to this statement which I have met with is by Professor Macalister, in his “Introduction to the Systematic Zoology and the Morphology of Vertebrate Animals” (1878), p. 265:— “Professor Huxley describes a fibro-cartilaginous 'marsupial’ above the pubis, from whose anterior surface the pectineus arises. I have failed to satisfy myself of its existence as a constant structure in many dogs, in the common and Bengal foxes, in the dingo, jackal, Canis pallipes , and wolf.”

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Comparing the Electromyography Activity of Core Muscles During Side Plank Exercise on Stable and Unstable Surfaces

Journal of Sport Biomechanics ◽

10.32598/biomechanics.5.2.3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 102-111

Author(s):

Farideh Babakhani ◽

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activation ◽

Gluteus Medius ◽

Rectus Abdominis ◽

Core Stability ◽

Oblique Muscle ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

External Oblique ◽

Internal Oblique ◽

Swiss Ball

Objective Numerous abdominal exercises with Swiss ball are used to improve core stability with strengthening and rehabilitation goals. It is claimed that the stability exercises have a greater impact on core muscle activation, but the validity of this claim is still in doubt. Moreover, there is no comprehensive study on the comparison of the core muscles activity in different core stability exercises. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the Electromyography (EMG) activity of core muscles while performing side plank on stable and unstable (Swiss ball) surfaces. Methods Fifteen male students of Allameh Tabataba’i University were selected for the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The EMG activity of gluteus medius, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique muscles in subjects was recorded while performing side plank exercise on a fixed surface and a Swiss ball (2 sets of 5 seconds with a 30-second rest interval). Results There was a significant difference in the EMG activity of gluteus medius, external oblique and rectus abdominis muscles between two conditions of with and without Swiss ball (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the EMG activity of internal oblique muscle (P>0.05). Conclusion Side plank exercise on the unstable surfaces (Swiss balls) can cause changes in the EMG activity of gluteus medius, rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles compared to when the exercise is performed on stable surfaces, and highly involved the pelvic lumbar muscles effective in maintaining core stability. Therefore, the use of side plank exercise on unstable conditions in a progressive program with gradually increased intensity is recommended which can be effective in strengthening and applying effective muscle contractions useful for core stability.

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DOES BRAIN ACTIVATION DURING FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT TASKS DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN GOOD AND BAD MOVERS? AN INTEGRATED NEUROIMAGING ASSESSMENT OF MOTOR CONTROL IN YOUNG ATHLETES

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967121s00134 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7_suppl3) ◽

pp. 2325967121S0013

Author(s):

Manish Anand ◽

Jed A. Diekfuss ◽

Dustin R. Grooms ◽

Alexis B. Slutsky-Ganesh ◽

Scott Bonnette ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Control ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Brain Function ◽

Sagittal Plane ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Frontal Plane ◽

Acl Injury ◽

Timing Error ◽

Lingual Gyrus ◽

Increased Activity

Background: Aberrant frontal and sagittal plane knee motor control biomechanics contribute to increased anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. Emergent data further indicates alterations in brain function may underlie ACL injury high risk biomechanics and primary injury. However, technical limitations have limited our ability to assess direct linkages between maladaptive biomechanics and brain function. Hypothesis/Purpose: (1) Increased frontal plane knee range of motion would associate with altered brain activity in regions important for sensorimotor control and (2) increased sagittal plane knee motor control timing error would associate with altered activity in sensorimotor control brain regions. Methods: Eighteen female high-school basketball and volleyball players (14.7 ± 1.4 years, 169.5 ± 7 cm, 65.8 ± 20.5 kg) underwent brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a bilateral, combined hip, knee, and ankle flexion/extension movements against resistance (i.e., leg press) Figure 1(a). The participants completed this task to a reference beat of 1.2 Hz during four movement blocks of 30 seconds each interleaved in between 5 rest blocks of 30 seconds each. Concurrent frontal and sagittal plane range of motion (ROM) kinematics were measured using an MRI-compatible single camera motion capture system. Results: Increased frontal plane ROM was associated with increased brain activity in one cluster extending over the occipital fusiform gyrus and lingual gyrus ( p = .003, z > 3.1). Increased sagittal plane motor control timing error was associated with increased brain activity in multiple clusters extending over the occipital cortex (lingual gyrus), frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex ( p < .001, z > 3.1); see Figure 1 (b). Conclusion: The associations of increased knee frontal plane ROM and sagittal plane timing error with increased activity in regions that integrate visuospatial information may be indicative of an increased propensity for knee injury biomechanics that are, in part, driven by reduced spatial awareness and an inability to adequately control knee abduction motion. Increased activation in these regions during movement tasks may underlie an impaired ability to control movements (i.e., less neural efficiency), leading to compromised knee positions during more complex sports scenarios. Increased activity in regions important for cognition/attention associating with motor control timing error further indicates a neurologically inefficient motor control strategy. [Figure: see text]

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Comparison among low intensity bridge exercises using suspension devices based on muscle activity and subjective difficulty

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation ◽

10.3233/bmr-200057 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Sang-Yeol Lee ◽

Se-Yeon Park

Keyword(s):

Inclination Angle ◽

Muscle Activity ◽

Erector Spinae ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Oblique Muscle ◽

Abdominal Muscles ◽

Internal Oblique Muscle ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Erector Spinae Muscle ◽

Internal Oblique

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical studies have revealed the advantages of using suspension devices. Although the supine, lateral, and forward leaning bridge exercises are low-intensity exercises with suspension devices, there is a lack of studies directly comparing exercise progression by measuring muscular activity and subjective difficulty. OBJECTIVE: To identify how the variations in the bridge exercise affects trunk muscle activity, the present study investigated changes in neuromuscular activation during low-intensity bridge exercises. We furthermore explored whether the height of the suspension point affects muscle activation and subjective difficulty. METHODS: Nineteen asymptomatic male participants were included. Three bridge exercise positions, supine bridge (SB), lateral bridge (LB), forward leaning (FL), and two exercise angles (15 and 30 degrees) were administered, thereby comparing six bridge exercise conditions with suspension devices. Surface electromyography and subjective difficulty data were collected. RESULTS: The rectus abdominis activity was significantly higher with the LB and FL exercises compared with the SB exercise (p< 0.05). The erector spinae muscle activity was significantly higher with the SB and LB exercises, compared with the FL exercise (p< 0.05). The LB exercise significantly increased the internal oblique muscle activity, compared with other exercise variations (p< 0.05). The inclination angle of the exercise only affected the internal oblique muscle and subjective difficulty, which were significantly higher at 30 degrees compared with 15 degrees (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Relatively higher inclination angle was not effective in overall activation of the trunk muscles; however, different bridge-type exercises could selectively activate the trunk muscles. The LB and SB exercises could be good options for stimulating the internal oblique abdominis, and the erector spinae muscle, while the FL exercise could minimize the erector spinae activity and activate the abdominal muscles.

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Electromyographic Analysis of Traditional and Nontraditional Abdominal Exercises: Implications for Rehabilitation and Training

Physical Therapy ◽

10.1093/ptj/86.5.656 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (5) ◽

pp. 656-671 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Rafael F Escamilla ◽

Eric Babb ◽

Ryan DeWitt ◽

Patrick Jew ◽

Peter Kelleher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activity ◽

Latissimus Dorsi ◽

Rectus Femoris ◽

Rectus Abdominis ◽

Oblique Muscle ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Internal Oblique ◽

Rectus Femoris Muscle ◽

Femoris Muscle ◽

Roll Out

Abstract Background and Purpose. Performing nontraditional abdominal exercises with devices such as abdominal straps, the Power Wheel, and the Ab Revolutionizer has been suggested as a way to activate abdominal and extraneous (nonabdominal) musculature as effectively as more traditional abdominal exercises, such as the crunch and bent-knee sit-up. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of traditional and nontraditional abdominal exercises in activating abdominal and extraneous musculature. Subjects. Twenty-one men and women who were healthy and between 23 and 43 years of age were recruited for this study. Methods. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess muscle activity from the upper and lower rectus abdominis, external and internal oblique, rectus femoris, latissimus dorsi, and lumbar paraspinal muscles while each exercise was performed. The EMG data were normalized to maximum voluntary muscle contractions. Differences in muscle activity were assessed by a 1-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results. Upper and lower rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and latissimus dorsi muscle EMG activity were highest for the Power Wheel (pike, knee-up, and roll-out), hanging knee-up with straps, and reverse crunch inclined 30 degrees. External oblique muscle EMG activity was highest for the Power Wheel (pike, knee-up, and roll-out) and hanging knee-up with straps. Rectus femoris muscle EMG activity was highest for the Power Wheel (pike and knee-up), reverse crunch inclined 30 degrees, and bent-knee sit-up. Lumbar paraspinal muscle EMG activity was low and similar among exercises. Discussion and Conclusion. The Power Wheel (pike, knee-up, and roll-out), hanging knee-up with straps, and reverse crunch inclined 30 degrees not only were the most effective exercises in activating abdominal musculature but also were the most effective in activating extraneous musculature. The relatively high rectus femoris muscle activity obtained with the Power Wheel (pike and knee-up), reverse crunch inclined 30 degrees, and bent-knee sit-up may be problematic for some people with low back problems.

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Sphincteroplasty with aponeurosis

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj76737 ◽

1927 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 467-467

Author(s):

I. Tsimkhes

Keyword(s):

Inguinal Hernia ◽

Operative Treatment ◽

Oblique Muscle ◽

Medial Side ◽

External Oblique Muscle ◽

External Oblique

After the examination of sphincteroplasty as a method of operative treatment of inguinal hernia, Bleek, based on his own experience (12 cases), suggests that after exposing the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, it should be dissected in the usual way, making two parallel incisions immediately next to the pouparticular ligament and on the medial side.

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