The Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Across the Gills of Rainbow Trout

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. RANDALL ◽  
G. F. HOLETON ◽  
E. DON STEVENS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Transfer Factor ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Uptake

1. The effectiveness of oxygen uptake by the blood of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) approaches 100%, whereas that for the removal of oxygen from water was only 11-30%. 2. Most of the carbon dioxide is removed from the blood as it passes through the gills, but the effectiveness of carbon dioxide uptake by water is very low, because of the high capacity of water for carbon dioxide compared with oxygen. 3. Moderate exercise had little effect on the effectiveness of gas exchange across the gills. The increased oxygen uptake was facilitated by an increase in the transfer factor of the gills for oxygen. There were small increases in the capacity-rate ratio of blood to water at the gills during moderate exercise. 4. Hypoxia resulted in a marked decrease in the effectiveness of oxygen uptake by the blood, but had little effect on oxygen removal from the water. Gas exchange was facilitated during hypoxia by an increase in transfer factor of the gills, but hindered by an increasing capacity-rate ratio of blood to water at the gills. 5. Gas exchange in an aquatic environment was compared with that in an aerial environment.

EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON CARBON DIOXIDE UPTAKE BY PINE SEEDLINGS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 961-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sasaki ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Uptake ◽  
Chlorophyll Breakdown ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Steady Rate

Experiments were conducted on effects of herbicides applied to soil or sprayed on shoots on CO2 uptake of 3-year-old Pinus resinosa Ait. seedlings. When applied to the soil, atrazine, monuron, EPTC, and 2,4-D at 20 lb/ac (soil surface basis) or at 4000 p.p.m. variously decreased absorption of CO2. Monuron checked gas exchange most rapidly, with no CO2 uptake measurable after 10 days. Atrazine and 2,4-D inhibited absorption of CO2 at a steady rate. EPTC caused a delayed inhibition of CO2 uptake. DCPA, CDAA, CDEC, and NPA did not affect gas exchange significantly. Monuron applied as a spray depressed CO2 uptake somewhat faster than the soil-applied herbicide. Very rapid inhibition of CO2 uptake was observed after spray application of 2,4-D or EPTC. Atrazine affected gas exchange similarly when applied as a spray or incorporated in the soil. DCPA, applied as a spray, did not affect absorption of CO2 significantly. Possible reasons for differences in CO2 uptake after spray and soil-application of certain herbicides are discussed. Inert ingredients of EPTC applied as sprays at a concentration of 4000 p.p.m. greatly reduced CO2 absorption 3 days after treatment. However, the rapid early depression of gas exchange was followed by recovery, with no obvious deleterious effects on growth up to 3 months after treatment. Some herbicides checked CO2 absorption without chlorophyll breakdown whereas others did not. Monuron completely inhibited CO2 uptake long before any changes in leaf color were evident. In contrast, depression of CO2 absorption by atrazine and 2,4-D rather closely paralleled development of toxicity symptoms, especially chlorosis. These observations suggested that some herbicides such as monuron affected the photosynthetic mechanism more directly than others such as atrazine, 2,4-D, and EPTC.

scholarly journals The pattern of carbon dioxide excretion in the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
M. S. Haswell ◽  
D. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
O2 Delivery ◽  
Co2 Excretion

1. Patterns of carbon dioxide excretion were investigated in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). 2. The loss of erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase caused by severe anaemia does not affect acid/base regulation or the ability of fish to excrete CO2. 3. Bicarbonate excretion across the saline-perfused gills of trout is significant even though residence time for the saline in the gills is only 1--3 s. CO2 excretion across these saline-perfused gills is blocked by the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, diamox. 4. The excretion of CO2 in fish is via the movement of plasma bicarbonate into the gill epithelium where branchial carbonic anhydrase catalyses the production of CO2. Fish can adjust pH by regulating bicarbonate movement across the gills. 5. The erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase is not necessary for CO2 excretion in the gills but is involved in facilitating Bohr and Root shifts to augment O2 delivery in the tissues.

Biomodal Gas Exchange During Variation in Environmental Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Air Breathing Fish Trichogaster Trichopterus

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-213
Author(s):  
WARREN W. BURGGREN
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Air Convection ◽  
Respiratory Homeostasis ◽  
Respiratory Medium ◽  
Suprabranchial Chamber

Gas exchange in the gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus, an obligate air breather, is achieved both by branchial exchange with water and aerial exchange via labyrinth organs lying within the suprabranchial chamber. Ventilation of the suprabranchial chamber, MOO2, MCOCO2, gas exchange ratios of both gills and labyrinth organs, and air convection requirements have been measured under conditions of hypoxia, hyperoxia or hypercapnia in either water or air. In undisturbed fish in control conditions (27 °C), air breathing frequency was 12 breaths/h, gas tidal volume 30 μl/g, total oxygen uptake 5.2 μ.M/g/h and total carbon dioxide excretion 4.1 μM/g/h, indicating a total gas exchange ratio of approximately 0.8. The aerial labyrinth organs accounted for 40% of oxygen uptake but only 15% of carbon dioxide elimination. Hypoxia, in either inspired water or air, stimulated air breathing. Total MOO2 was continuously maintained at or above control levels by an augmentation of oxygen uptake by the labyrinth during aquatic hypoxia or by the gills during aerial hypoxia. Hypoxia had no effect on MCOl partitioning between air and water. Hypercapnia in water greatly stimulated air breathing. About 60% of total MCOCO2 then occurred via aerial excretion, a situation unusual among air breathing fish, enabling the overall gas exchange to remain at control levels. Aerial hypercapnia had no effect on air breathing or O2 partitioning, but resulted in a net aerial CO2 uptake and a decrease in overall gas exchange ratio. Trichogaster is thus an air breathing fish which is able to maintain a respiratory homeostasis under varying environmental conditions by exploiting whichever respiratory medium at a particular time is the most effective for O2 uptake and CO2 elimination.

Acute Zinc Toxicity to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Confirmation of the Hypothesis that Death is Related to Tissue Hypoxia

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1463-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis T. Burton ◽  
Alma H. Jones ◽  
John Cairns Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Tissue Hypoxia ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Zinc Toxicity ◽  
Oxygen Requirements ◽  
Gas Exchange Process

Acute heavy metal toxicity to fish has been attributed to the coagulation or precipitation of mucus on the gills and/or to cytological damage to the gills. The physiological mechanism of death by either of the above causes is related to a breakdown in gas exchange at the gills. This study of acute zinc toxicity to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) supports an earlier hypothesis that modification of the gas exchange process at the gills creates hypoxia at the tissue level. Tissue hypoxia appears to be a major physiological change preceding death once the gas exchange process at the gills is no longer sufficient to supply the oxygen requirements of the fish.

Cardiovascular changes in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) during exercise

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1135-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Randall ◽  
C. Daxboeck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Systemic Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Flow Control ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The effects of steady-state, aerobic swimming exercise upon the cardiovascular system of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) are discussed. When these fish are forced to swim at 80% of their critical velocity, blood flow is redistributed in the systemic circulation to favour working muscles, at the expense of decreased flow to nonmuscle structures. Given oxygen uptake and cardiac output data, combined with blood flow distribution patterns during exercise, it is calculated that the working muscles can account for nearly all the measured increase in total oxygen uptake at this level of exercise. The possible underlying mechanisms for systemic blood flow control and the increase in gas exchange efficiency across the gills of exercising rainbow trout also are examined.

Preservation of freshness of rainbow trout fillets packaged with carbon dioxide-nitrogen gas mixture (studies on gas-exchange packaging of fresh fish, part 2)

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matsuo Yasuda ◽  
Hajime Nishino ◽  
Mikio Tanaka ◽  
Tokiko Chiba ◽  
Hisako Nakano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Fresh Fish

Responses to Humidity by Stomata of Nicotiana glauca L. And Corylus avellana L. Are Consistent With the Optimization of Carbon Dioxide Uptake With Respect to Water Loss

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Farquhar ◽  
ED Schulze ◽  
M Kuppers
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Nicotiana Glauca ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Uptake ◽  
Total Conductance ◽  
Corylus Avellana L

Intact leaves of N. glauca and C. avellana were exposed to a range of humidities and their gas exchange monitored. Rates of transpiration and assimilation of carbon dioxide, and their sensitivities to changes in total conductance (leaf and boundary layer) were determined. The ratio of these sensitivities, δE/δA, remained substantially constant over the range of humidities. The results represent the first experimental support for a recent hypothesis that stomata vary their apertures in such a manner as to keep δE/δA constant, which optimizes carbon gain with respect to water loss.

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