scholarly journals Control of Head Movement in the Locust, Schistocerca Gregaria

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-767
Author(s):  
PETER SHEPHEARD
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
The Way

1. Head movement in the locust Schistocerca gregaria is mediated by 14 pairs of muscles. The normal motor output to many of these muscles has been investigated in the intact insect by recording with two intracellular microelectrodes from different fibres of a muscle during slow and fast phases of optokinetic nystagmus elicited by rotation of a striped drum in the visual field. In addition, details of the innervation pattern and muscle fibre spectrum of the muscles have been investigated by paired intracellular recording during graded stimulation of the motor nerves in the dissected preparation. Of more than 60 different axons shown histologically to innervate the neck muscles on each side, the activity of about 25 have been analysed and deductions are made about the way the muscles work together in concert to produce head movement. 2. At least four physiologically distinct types of axon innervate several muscles. These types are tonic (slow), phaso-tonic (intermediate), phasic (fast) and inhibitory. Stationary head positions are maintained by low levels of motor output in the tonic axons alone, these axons also being mainly responsible, when active at higher frequency, for producing small slow head movements. Phaso-tonic axons become progressively more active during larger or faster head movements to augment the effect of tonic axon activity. The fastest head movements are correlated especially with activity of the phasic axons. Inhibitory neurones are active during and immediately before rapid head movements, the output to individual muscles being correlated with both contraction and relaxation. 3. On the basis of their electrical responsiveness to the axons innervating them, muscle fibres have been classified into the following types: ‘phasic’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘tonic’, with the tonic class subdivided into ‘ordinary tonic’, ‘super-tonic’ and ‘super-sensitive’. Some muscles contain only a small range of fibre types, while others contain the complete range. Deductions are made about the way the different axon types interact on the different muscle fibre types to elicit various degrees of contraction or tension. 4. The slow phase motor output patterns are the result of a centrally determined programme elicited by visual input (rotation of the striped drum), and are not dependent on, but may perhaps be modified by, proprioceptive feedback. On the other hand, the fast phase of nystagmus is initiated by the central nervous system only after reference to the proprioceptive input from various sense organs of the neck and prothorax.

scholarly journals Fibre types in the skeletal muscle of blackspot seabream (Pagellus bagaraveo, Brunnich) juveniles: a histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (S3) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
P. Silva ◽  
L. M. P. Valente ◽  
F. Malhão ◽  
M. H. Galante ◽  
R. A. F. Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Narrow Strip ◽  
Specific Antibodies

AbstractThe aim of this work was to gain insights into the muscle fibre phenotype and ultrastructure in blackspot seabream juveniles, a potential candidate for Portuguese aquaculture. Firstly, we used a panel of isoform-specific antibodies as well as histochemical staining for myosin ATPase and for SDH enzyme activity (a marker for mitochondrial content and oxidative metabolism) to identify myosin expression. Secondly, muscle fibre types were also identified by their fine structure where powerful approaches contributed to understand the muscle fibre phenotype of blackspot seabream juveniles. We observed that the main part of the musculature consisted of fast-white fibres, with a narrow strip of slow-red fibres situated superficially adjacent to the lateral line. A zone of intermediate-pink muscle fibres was inserted between those muscle domains (Fig.1).

Organization of skeletal muscle in the urodele Triturus cristatus : muscle fibre types and motor units

1985 ◽  
Vol 223 (1233) ◽  
pp. 495-510 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Motor Unit ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Dehydrogenase Reaction

Four muscle fibre types are described in the biceps and extensor digitorum communis muscles of the newt forelimb. The histological criteria forming the basis for the distinctions include differential staining with p -phenylenediamine and succinate dehydrogenase histochemistry and electron microscopy. In addition, three distinctive motor unit types are described for the biceps muscle. These are fast units, slow units and intermediate units. The structure of muscle fibre and the physiological characteristics of muscle fibres belonging to each motor unit, have been correlated by using iontophoretic passage of Lucifer yellow into muscle fibres belonging to physiologically characterized motor units and their subsequent histological identification by the succinate dehydrogenase reaction. The three motor unit types correspond to slow muscle fibres, intermediate muscle fibres and two classes of fast muscle fibres.

scholarly journals The turnover of cytochrome c in different skeletal-muscle fibre types of the rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
R L Terjung
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibre ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Double Labelling ◽  
Fast Twitch

The turnover of cytochrome c was determined in the three skeletal-muscle fibre types of adult male rats by a kinetic analysis that followed the time course of cytochrome c content change. Confirming evidence was obtained with double-labelling studies using delta-aminolaevulinate. Cytochrome c turnover was most rapid in the low-oxidative fast-twitch white fibre [t1/2 (half-life) about 4 days], slowest in the high-oxidative fast-twitch red fibre (t1/2 9-10 days) and relatively rapid in the high-oxidative slow-twitch red fibre (t1/2 5-6 days). Thus cytochrome c turnover does not strictly conform to either the appearance (i.e. red or white) or the contractile characteristics (i.e. fast or slow) of the muscle fibres. The synthesis rates needed to maintain the corresponding cytochrome c concentrations, however, were similarly high in the two mitochondria-rich red fibre types. These data illustrate that both the synthesis and degradation processes are important in establishing the cytochrome c concentrations that distinguish the different skeletal-muscle fibre types.

scholarly journals Preferred metabolic pathway of bovine muscle fibre revealed by synchrotron–deep ultraviolet fluorescence imaging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Astruc ◽  
Olivier Loison ◽  
Frédéric Jamme ◽  
Matthieu Réfrégiers ◽  
Annie Vénien
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Bovine Muscle ◽  
Deep Ultraviolet

The different bovine muscle fibre types I, IIA and IIX are characterised by their preferred metabolic pathway, either oxidative (I, IIA) or glycolytic (IIX), and their contraction speed, either slow-twitch (I) or fast-twitch (IIA, IIX). These physiological specificities are associated with variations in intracellular composition and their fluorescence spectra signatures. We hypothesised that these slight differences in autofluorescence responses could be used to discriminate the muscle fibre types by fluorescence imaging. Serial histological cross-sections of beef longissimus dorsi were performed: the start set was used to identify the metabolic and contractile type of muscle fibres by both immunohistoenzymology and immunohistofluorescence, and the following set was used to acquire synchrotron–deep ultraviolet (UV) autofluorescence images after excitation in the UV range (275 nm and 315 nm). This strategy made it possible to explore the label-free autofluorescence of muscle cells previously subtyped by histochemistry. Glycolytic cells (IIX) showed more intense fluorescence than oxidative cells (I and IIA) with near-90 % accuracy. This discrimination is more specifically assigned to the fluorescence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. UV autofluorescence was unable to discriminate contractile type.

The effect of reinnervation on the distribution of muscle fibre types in the tibialis anterior muscle of the mouse

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Parry ◽  
Ross S. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Tibialis Anterior Muscle ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Superficial Portion

The distribution of fibre types in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of adult mice was examined by means of an immuno-histochemical approach, using monoclonal antibodies that recognize different myosin heavy chain isoforms. As has been reported previously, the superficial portion of TA contains almost exclusively type IIB fibres and is almost entirely glycolytic in nature. Following section of the lateral popliteal nerve and rotation of the proximal stomp to prevent rematching, it was found that the original pattern was virtually restored within 2 months. One possible explanation for this observation is that the activity pattern of peripheral and deep muscle fibres differs and that this aids in specification of muscle fibre type. Alternatively, the muscle fibres of the superficial portion of TA may be inherently resistant to an alteration of their phenotype with regard to expression of myosin heavy chain.Key words: myosin heavy chain, immunohistochemistry, plasticity, self-reinnervation, fibre types.

Biochemical comparison of fast- and slow-contracting squid muscle

1992 ◽  
Vol 168 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Kier ◽  
F. H. Schachat
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Thick Filament ◽  
Protein Isoforms ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Biochemical Comparison ◽  
Transverse Muscle

The myofilament protein compositions of muscle fibres from the transverse muscle mass of the tentacles and the transverse muscle mass of the arms of the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana were compared. These two muscle masses are distinct types, differing in their ultrastructural and behavioural properties. The transverse muscle of the tentacles consists of specialized muscle fibres that exhibit cross-striation and unusually short sarcomeres and thick filaments. The transverse muscle of the arms consists of obliquely striated muscle fibres that are typical of cephalopod skeletal muscle in general. The specialization of the tentacle muscle results in a high shortening speed and reflects its role in creating rapid elongation of the tentacles during prey capture. Comparison of samples of myofilament preparations of the two muscle fibre types using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and peptide mapping of myosin heavy chains from the two muscle fibre types, however, showed little evidence of differences in contractile protein isoforms. Thus, specialization for high shortening speed appears to have occurred primarily through changes in the dimensions and arrangement of the myofilament lattice, rather than through changes in biochemistry. The thick filament core protein paramyosin was tentatively identified in the squid muscle fibres. This protein was less abundant in the short thick filament cross-striated tentacle muscle cells than in the obliquely striated arm cells.

scholarly journals Muscle Fibre Types and Their Relation to Meat Quality Traits in Pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
N. Lebedová ◽  
R. Stupka ◽  
J. Čítek ◽  
K. Zadinová ◽  
E. Kudrnáčová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Fibre Type Composition ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
New Findings

Abstract The authors have been studying various characteristics of muscle fibres and their relationship to the meat quality parameters for many years. However, the conclusions drawn by researchers often differ. A higher proportion of glycolytic IIB fibres in pig muscles is usually related to paler meat with lower water holding capacity. On the other hand the relationship between muscle fibres and meat texture parameters is not clear. Studies using immunohistochemistry methods that allow a more detailed classification of individual muscle fibre types could bring new findings in this area. It would thus be possible to influence muscle fibre type composition in the muscle to achieve the desired meat quality using various extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The main aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on the description of muscle fibres typology and the effect of their morphological traits on pork meat quality.

scholarly journals Histological characteristics of the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis muscle fibres in pigs in relation to selected RYR1, MYOG, MYOD1 and MYF6 genotypes

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
Roman Stupka ◽  
Jaroslav Čítek ◽  
Michal Šprysl ◽  
Monika Okrouhlá ◽  
Luboš Brzobohatý ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Longissimus Lumborum ◽  
Histological Characteristics

Histochemical and biochemical muscle fibre properties are the factors that influence the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pork meat. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of genetic effects of selected genetic markers MyoD genes and RYR1 on the achieved indicators of muscle fibres in the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis (MLLT). The study included a total number of 216 hybrid pigs with the mean slaughter weight of 123 kg. Gene polymorphism was determined by the PCR-RFLP method. The gene polymorphism was determined in the RYR1, MYOD1, MYOG, and MYF6 genes. Muscle fibre types from MLLT were identified. Concerning the RYR1 gene, the study found that homozygous-dominant animals reached a lower number of type I (8.35 vs. 10.52; P < 0.05) and a higher number of IIA (3.66 vs. 2.10; P < 0.05) and a higher number of IIB (76.61 vs. 67.91; P < 0.05). The maximum number in all types of muscle fibres reached BB genotype of the MYOG gene (type I: 14.02; IIA: 18.47; IIB: 83.08; P < 0.05). The AA genotype of the MYOD1 gene showed the lowest (P < 0.05) number of muscle in all fibre types (type I: 9.20; IIA: 0.85; IIB: 69.23). The influence of individual genotypes of selected genes on the selected muscle fibre characteristics was proven. The obtained results confirm the possibility of affecting the quality of pork with genomic selection of MyoD genes family.

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