The Transition to Air Breathing in Fishes:: I. Environmental Effects on the Facultative Air Breathing of Ancistrus Chagresi and Hypostomus Plecostomus Loricariidae

1982 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY B. GRAHAM ◽  
TROY A. BAIRD
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Breathing Rate ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aquatic Respiration ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Hypoxia Acclimation

In response to progressive aquatic hypoxia, the armoured loricariid catfishes Ancistrus chagresi and Hypostomus plecostomus become facultative air-breathers and utilize their stomachs as accessory air-breathing organs. Hypostomus initiates air breathing at a higher aquatic O2 tension (Pw, Ow, O2) than does Ancistrus (60 v. 33 mmHg). Once begun, the air-breathing frequencies of both species increase with decreasing Pw, Ow, O2; the frequency of Ancistrus, however, is greater than and increases more with hypoxia than does that of Hypostomus, which appears to be a more efficient air breather. Hypoxia acclimation reduces the air-breathing rate of both species. A larger rate reduction occurs in Ancistrus, which, however, continues to require more frequent breaths than Hypostomus. Hypoxia acclimation does not affect the air-breathing threshold of either species, suggesting that external O2 receptors initiate facultative air breathing. In progressive aquatic hypercapnia Ancistrus has a lower air-breathing CO2 threshold (8.7 mmHg) than Hypostomus (12.8 mmHg). However, in some tests, individual fish of both species did not initiate air breathing even at Pw, COw, CO2 as high as 21 mmHg. Also, air breathing evoked by hypercapnia was short-lived; both species quickly compensated for this gas and resumed exclusively aquatic respiration within a few hours of exposure. Thus, CO2 is not an important regulator of air breathing in these species. Between 25 and 35 °C, the Pw, Ow, O2 air breathing threshold of Ancistrus is temperature-independent, but air-breathing frequency increases with temperature. Ancistrus and Hypostomus do not breathe air in normoxic (air-saturated) water; their air-breathing responses are evoked by environmental hypoxia. This is fundamentally different from other fish species that breathe air in normoxia in order to meet heightened metabolic demands. Also, the facultative air-breathing adaptations of Ancistrus and Hypostomus differ in scope and magnitude from those utilized by species that breathe air in nor-moxia and adapt to hypoxia by increasing air-breathing rate.

scholarly journals Aquatic and Aerial Respiration Rates, Muscle Capillary Supply and Mitochondrial Volume Density in the Airbreathing Catfish (Clarias Mossambigus) Acclimated to Either Aerated or Hypoxic Water

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN A. JOHNSTON ◽  
LYNNE M. BERNARD ◽  
GEOFFREY M. MALOIY
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aerial Respiration ◽  
Capillary Supply ◽  
Mitochondrial Volume ◽  
Hypoxia Acclimation

Specimens of the African air-breathing catfish Clarias mossambicus were acclimated to either aerated (PwO2 15.3 KPa) or hypoxic (PwO2 2.4KPa) water for up to 27 days at 20 °C. Routine respiration rate for fish acclimated to aerated water was 85.7 mlO2 (kgbodyweight)−1 h−1. Gas exchange across the suprabranchial chambers accounted for 25% of the total. In aerated water the interval between air-breaths varied from 1.4 to 30.6 min. On acute exposure to hypoxia air-breathing frequency was unaltered (6.3 h−1) although aerial respiration rate increased by 70%. This suggests that ventilation of the suprabranchial chambers is variable and that air-breathing frequency is a poor measure of air-breathing effort. Total respiration decreased by 46% on acute exposure to hypoxia (PwO2 2.4 KPa), reflecting a reduction in routine activity. Following acclimation to hypoxia, airbreathing frequency (8.1 h−1) was higher and total routine respiration rate increased from 46.3 to 67.8 mlO2 kg−1h−1. The increased oxygen consumption with hypoxia acclimation was largely the result of an increase in aquatic respiration from 10.4 to 27.5 mlO2kg−1h−1 Measurements were made of mitochondrial volume densities [Vv(mt,f)] and capillary supply to fast and slow myotomal muscles. The fraction of fibre volume occupied by mitochondria was 15 percnt; for slow and 2.5% for fast muscles. Values for [Vv(mt,f)] obtained for fish slow fibres are much higher than for homologous muscles in birds and mammals and show a good correlation with capillary density [NA(c,f)]. Hypoxia acclimation did not result in changes in either muscle Vv(mt,f) or NA(c,f). It is suggested that increased ventilation of the suprabranchial chambers and greater oxygen extraction across the gills obviates the need for modifications in these parameters.

Seasonal reproductive patterns and recommended sampling times for sentinel fish species used in environmental effects monitoring programs in Canada

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (NA) ◽  
pp. 115-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Barrett ◽  
Kelly R. Munkittrick
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Reproductive Pattern ◽  
Metal Mining ◽  
Reproductive Patterns ◽  
Sampling Times ◽  
Environmental Effects Monitoring

Canada’s environmental effects monitoring (EEM) program is currently in its fifth cycle of monitoring for the pulp and paper industry and second cycle of monitoring for the metal mining industry. More than 60 different sentinel fish species have been used in the EEM fish population surveys and reproductive impacts have been identified as an issue of concern in the pulp and paper program. A review of the literature was conducted to obtain details of the reproductive biology of each fish species that has been used in EEM studies in Canada. Using available data on seasonal changes in gonadosomatic indices, the seasonal reproductive patterns of Canadian fish species were divided into categories based on reproductive strategy and the timing of initiation of gonadal recrudescence. Recommended sampling times were developed for each reproductive pattern based on periods of temporal stability, minimum variability, and maximum value in gonadosomatic indices within a reproductive cycle. The reproductive strategy, spawning time, spawning temperature, and recommended sampling time were provided for the each sentinel fish species as well as life history characteristics including longevity, age and size at maturity, and mobility. Examination of the fish surveys using small bodied forage species from the EEM pulp and paper program revealed that approximately 72% of these studies were not conducted at the developed recommended sampling times and the magnitude of impacts may be underestimated by failing to sample at the recommended time.

scholarly journals Causal relations between cortical network oscillations and breathing frequency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano BL Tort ◽  
Maximilian Hammer ◽  
Jiaojiao Zhang ◽  
Jurij Brankačk ◽  
Andreas Draguhn
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Instantaneous Frequency ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Cortical Network ◽  
Breathing Rate ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
Network Oscillations

AbstractNasal breathing generates a rhythmic signal which entrains cortical network oscillations in widespread brain regions on a cycle-to-cycle time scale. It is unknown, however, how respiration and neuronal network activity interact on a larger time scale: are breathing frequency and typical neuronal oscillation patterns correlated? Is there any directionality or causal relationship? To address these questions, we recorded field potentials from the posterior parietal cortex of mice together with respiration during REM sleep. In this state, the parietal cortex exhibits prominent theta and gamma oscillations while behavioral activity is minimal, reducing confounding signals. We found that the instantaneous breathing rate strongly correlates with the instantaneous frequency and amplitude of both theta and gamma oscillations. Granger causality analysis revealed specific directionalities for different rhythms: changes in theta activity precede and cause changes in breathing rate, suggesting control of breathing frequency by the functional state of the brain. On the other hand, the instantaneous breathing rate Granger-causes changes in gamma oscillations, suggesting that gamma is influenced by a peripheral reafference signal. These findings show that breathing causally relates to different patterns of rhythmic brain activity, revealing new and complex interactions between elementary physiological functions and neuronal information processing.Significance StatementThe study of the interactions between respiration and brain activity has been focused on phase-entrainment relations, in which cortical networks oscillate phase-locked to breathing cycles. Here we discovered new and much broader interactions which link respiration rate (frequency) to different patterns of oscillatory brain activity. Specifically, we show that the instantaneous breathing rate strongly correlates with the instantaneous frequency and amplitude of theta and gamma oscillations, two major network patterns associated with cognitive functions. Interestingly, causality analyses reveal that changes in breathing rate follow theta, suggesting a central drive, while in contrast, gamma activity follows changes in breathing rate, suggesting the role of a reafferent signal. Our results reveal new mechanisms by which nasal breathing patterns may influence brain functions.

Non-Lethal Sampling Methods for Assessing Environmental Impacts Using a Small-Bodied Sentinel Fish Species

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Gray ◽  
Allen R. Curry ◽  
Kelly R. Munkittrick
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
The Past ◽  
Slimy Sculpin ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Fisheries Act

Abstract Under the Canadian Fisheries Act, pulp and paper mills and metal mines must conduct a cyclical monitoring program for potential environmental effects that includes a fish survey. Study designs for the fish survey have been evolving over the past few years, and there has been increased emphasis on the use of small-bodied fish species. Increasing concerns about the potential impacts of sampling programs on the fish populations in smaller receiving waters have led us to develop non-lethal sampling methodologies that will satisfy the information requirements for the environmental effects monitoring program. This manuscript outlines the use of a non-lethal sampling program to collect information on age distributions, growth rates, reproductive performance and fish condition in populations of slimy sculpin inhabiting forested and agricultural sections of a small New Brunswick river.

Air-breathing during activity in the fishes amia calva and lepisosteus oculatus

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (7) ◽  
pp. 943-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
C G Farmer ◽  
D C Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Spotted Gar ◽  
Water Oxygen ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Amia Calva ◽  
Lepisosteus Oculatus ◽  
Air Hole

Many osteichthyan fishes obtain oxygen from both air, using a lung, and water, using gills. Although it is commonly thought that fishes air-breathe to survive hypoxic aquatic habitats, other reasons may be more important in many species. This study was undertaken to determine the significance of air-breathing in two fish species while exercising in oxygen-rich water. Oxygen consumption from air and water was measured during mild activity in bowfin (Amia calva) and spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) by sealing a fish in an acrylic flume that contained an air-hole. At 19-23 degreesC, the rate of oxygen consumption from air in both species was modest at rest. During low-level exercise, more than 50 % of the oxygen consumed by both species was from the air (53.0+/-22.9 % L. oculatus; 66.4+/-8.3 % A. calva). <P>

THE EFFECTS OF ALTERED AQUATIC AND AERIAL RESPIRATORY GAS CONCENTRATIONS ON AIR-BREATHING PATTERNS IN A PRIMITIVE FISH (AMIA CALVA)

1993 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Hedrick ◽  
D. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Air Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Amia Calva

The mechanisms and physiological control of air-breathing were investigated in an extant halecomorph fish, the bowfin (Amia calva). Air flow during aerial ventilation was recorded by pneumotachography in undisturbed Amia calva at 20–24°C while aquatic and aerial gas concentrations were independently varied. Separation of aquatic and aerial gases was used in an attempt to determine whether Amia calva monitor and respond to changes in the external medium per se or to changes in dissolved gases within the body. Air flow measurements revealed two different types of ventilatory patterns: type I air-breaths were characterized by exhalation followed by inhalation; type II air-breaths, which have not been described previously in Amia calva, consisted of single inhalations with no expiratory phase. Expired volume (Vexp) for type I breaths ranged from 11.6+/−1.1 to 26.7+/− 2.9 ml kg-1 (95 % confidence interval; N=6) under normoxic conditions and was unaffected by changes in aquatic or aerial gases. Gas bladder volume (VB), determined in vitro, was 80 ml kg-1; the percentage of gas exchanged for type I breaths ranged from 14 to 33 % of VB in normoxia. Fish exposed to aquatic and aerial normoxia (PO2=19-21 kPa), or aerial hypercapnia (PCO2=4.9 kPa) in normoxic water, used both breath types with equal frequency. Aquatic or aerial hypoxia (PO2=6-7 kPa) significantly increased air-breathing frequency in four of eight fish and the ventilatory pattern changed to predominantly type I air-breaths (75–92 % of total breaths). When fish were exposed to 100 % O2 in the aerial phase while aquatic normoxia or hypoxia was maintained, air-breathing frequency either increased or did not change. Compared with normoxic controls, however, type II breaths were used almost exclusively (more than 98 % of total breaths). Type I breaths appear to be under feedback control from O2-sensitive chemoreceptors since they were stimulated by aquatic or aerial hypoxia and were nearly abolished by aerial hyperoxia. These results also indicate that Amia calva respond to changes in intravascular PO2; however, externally facing chemoreceptors that stimulate air-breathing in aquatic hypoxia cannot be discounted. Type II air- breaths, which occurred in aerial hyperoxia, despite aquatic hypoxia, appear to be stimulated by reductions of VB, suggesting that type II breaths are controlled by volume-sensitive gas bladder stretch receptors. Type II breaths are likely to have a buoyancy-regulating function.

Histological and ultrastructural study of the stomach of the air-breathing Ancistrus multispinnis (Siluriformes, Teleostei)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Satora
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Air Interface ◽  
Diffusion Of Gases

Histological and ultrastructural analyses of selected segments of the digestive tract of the fish Ancistrus multispinnis were done, particular attention being paid to the cytological barrier between blood and air. Three regions can be distinguished in the stomach of A. multispinnis: cardia, corpus, and pylorus. The histological organization of the cardia and pylorus is similar to that in other fish species, but the organization of the corpus is distinct. The cell bodies of the epithelial cells of the corpus are located in the capillary mesh, while their flattened extensions cover the adjacent capillaries. This specialization reduces the thickness of the blood-air interface, which may influence the diffusion of gases in the stomach. Some epithelial cells in the stomach corpus contain numerous lamellar bodies. It is suggested that these produce a substance similar in function to the lung surfactant of Dipnoi, certain Amphibia, and Mammalia.

scholarly journals The Transition to Air Breathing in Fishes: III. Effects of Body Size and Aquatic Hypoxia on the Aerial Gas Exchange of the Swamp Eel Synbranchus Marmoratus

1984 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 357-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY B. GRAHAM ◽  
TROY A. BAIRD
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aquatic Respiration ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Blood Haemoglobin ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Breath Co2 ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Swamp Eel ◽  
Exchange Surface

Synbranchus marmoratus (Bloch) breathes air during terrestrial excursions and while dwelling in hypoxic water and utilizes its gills and adjacent buccopharyngeal epithelium as an air-breathing organ (ABO). This fish uses gills and skin for aquatic respiration in normoxic (air-saturated) water but when exposed to progressive aquatic hypoxia it becomes a metabolic O2 conformer until facultative air breathing is initiated. The threshold PwOO2 (aquatic O2 tension or partial pressure in mmHg) that elicits air breathing in S. marmoratus is higher in larger fish. However, neither air-breathing threshold nor the blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of this species were changed following hypoxia (PwOO2 < 20 mmHg) acclimation. In hypoxic water S. marmoratus supplies all of its metabolic O2 requirement through air breathing. ABO volume scales with body weight raised to the power of 0.737 and the amount of O2 that is removed from each air breath depends upon the length of time it is held in the ABO. Ambient PwOO2 directly affects the air-breath duration of this fish, but the effect is smaller than in other species. Also, average air-breath duration (15.7 min at PwOO2 0–20 mmHg) and the average inter-air-breath interval (15.1 min) of S. marmoratus are both longer than those of other air-breathing fishes. Although the gills of S. marmoratus are involved in aerial O2 uptake, expelled air-breath CO2 levels are not high and always closely correspond to ambient PwCOCO2, indicating that virtually no respiratory CO2 is released to air by this fish. CO2 extrusion therefore must occur aquatically either continuously across another exchange surface or intermittently across the gills during intervals between air breaths. This study with S. marmoratus from Panama reveals physiological differences between this population and populations in South America. The greater Hb content of South American S. marmoratus may be the result of different environmental selection pressures.

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