Assessment of Future Hypertension Risk by Sex Using Combined Body Mass Index and Waist-to-Height Ratio

Hypertension is a major public health burden in Bangladesh. However, studies considering the underlying multifaceted risk factors of this health condition are sparse. The present study concurrently examines anthropometric parameters and intermediary factors influencing hypertension risk in Bangladesh. Using the 2018 World Health Organisation (WHO) STEPwise approach to non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) study conducted in Bangladesh and involving 8019 nationally representative adult respondents, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between anthropometrics, other intermediary factors and hypertension. The regression results were presented using the odds ratio (OR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The risk of hypertension was higher among females and males who were 40 years and older. However, among females, those who were age 60 years and older were more than twice and thrice more likely to be hypertensive compared to those in the younger age groups (18–39, 40–59). Females who were obese (body mass index [BMI], waist to hip ratio [WHR], waist to height ratio [WHtR]) or had high waist circumference [WC] were twice as likely to be hypertensive. Males and females who were physically active, consuming more fruits and vegetables daily and educated had lower odds of developing hypertension. Key findings suggest that the association between anthropometric indices (body mass index [BMI], waist to hip ratio [WHR], waist to height ratio [WHtR]), waist circumference [WC]), other intermediary determinants (e.g., education, physical activity) and hypertension exist across gender and with increasing age among adults in Bangladesh. Developing appropriate public health interventions (e.g., regular assessment of anthropometric parameters) for early identification of the risk and pattern of hypertension through appropriate screening and diagnosis is required to meet the specific health needs of the adult Bangladesh population.

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Waist-to-height ratio, body mass index and waist circumference for screening paediatric cardio-metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis

Obesity Reviews ◽

10.1111/obr.12456 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 1258-1275 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

K. Lo ◽

M. Wong ◽

P. Khalechelvam ◽

W. Tam

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Body Mass ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Metabolic Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Risk ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Waist To Height Ratio

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Waist Circumference and Waist-to-Height Ratio Are More Highly Correlated to Body Mass Index than to Percentage Body Fat in Young Children

Journal of the American Dietetic Association ◽

10.1016/j.jada.2009.06.116 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 109 (9) ◽

pp. A38

Author(s):

M. Boylan ◽

D. Feng ◽

M. Chyu ◽

Y. Chin ◽

C. Esperat

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Young Children ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Percentage Body Fat ◽

Waist To Height Ratio ◽

Highly Correlated

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Optimal cutoff values for anthropometric indices of obesity as discriminators of metabolic abnormalities in Korea: results from a Health Examinees study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10490-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sooyoung Cho ◽

Aesun Shin ◽

Ji-Yeob Choi ◽

Sang Min Park ◽

Daehee Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Body Mass ◽

Metabolic Abnormalities ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Optimal Cutoff ◽

Waist To Hip Ratio ◽

Cutoff Values ◽

Waist To Height Ratio ◽

Conicity Index

Abstract Background Obesity is well known as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We aimed to determine the performance of and the optimal cutoff values for obesity indices to discriminate the presence of metabolic abnormalities as a primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in a Health Examinees study (HEXA). Methods The current study analyzed 134,195 participants with complete anthropometric and laboratory information in a Health Examinees study, consisting of the Korean population aged 40 to 69 years. The presence of metabolic abnormality was defined as having at least one of the following: hypertension, hyperglycemia, or dyslipidemia. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for body mass index, waist to hip ratio, waist to height ratio, waist circumference, and conicity index. Results The AUC of metabolic abnormalities was the highest for waist-to-height ratio (AUC [95% CIs], 0.677 [0.672–0.683] among men; 0.691 [0.687–0.694] among women), and the lowest for the C index (0.616 [0.611–0.622] among men; 0.645 [0.641–0.649] among women) among both men and women. The optimal cutoff values were 24.3 kg/m2 for the body mass index, 0.887 for the waist-to-hip ratio, 0.499 for the waist-to-height ratio, 84.4 cm for waist circumference and 1.20 m3/2/kg1/2 for the conicity index among men, and 23.4 kg/m2 for the body mass index, 0.832 for the waist-to-hip ratio, 0.496 for the waist-to-height ratio, 77.0 cm for the waist circumference and 1.18 m3/2/kg1/2 for the conicity index among women. Conclusion The waist-to-height ratio is the best index to discriminate metabolic abnormalities among middle-aged Koreans. The optimal cutoff of obesity indices is lower than the international guidelines for obesity. It would be appropriate to use the indices for abdominal obesity rather than general obesity and to consider a lower level of body mass index and waist circumference than the current guidelines to determine obesity-related health problems in Koreans.

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