The present study examined whether adiponectin can inhibit palmitate-induced apoptosis, and also the associated mechanisms and signal transduction pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cells treated with 500 μM palmitate for 48 h increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and induced apoptosis. Treatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (1 mM) and globular adiponectin (5 μg/ml) inhibited palmitate-induced ROS generation and apoptosis. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR; 1 mM), and cAMP activators forskolin (10 μM) and cholera toxin (200 ng/ml) also displayed the same effects. The inhibitory effects of adiponectin on ROS generation and apoptosis were reversed by the AMPK inhibitor compound C (40 μM), cAMP inhibitor SQ22536 (50 μM), and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H-89 (10 μM). The inhibitory effect of forskolin on palmitate-induced apoptosis was reversed by compound C, whereas the inhibitory effect of AICAR was not reversed by SQ22536 and H-89. AICAR and forskolin could not inhibit palmitate-induced apoptosis in cells treated with dominant-negative AMPK. Forskolin increased phosphorylated AMPK at both Thr-172 and Ser-485/491. These results suggest that adiponectin inhibits palmitate-induced apoptosis by suppression of ROS generation via both the cAMP/PKA and AMPK pathways. Interaction between cAMP/PKA and AMPK pathways may be involved.
Miglitol, an Anti-diabetic Drug, Inhibits Oxidative Stress^|^ndash;Induced Apoptosis and Mitochondrial ROS Over-Production in Endothelial Cells by Enhancement of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
