scholarly journals Are Your Wages Set in Beijing?

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B Freeman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Third World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skilled Labor ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Labor Market Conditions

The economic troubles of less-skilled workers in the United States. and OECD-Europe during a period of rising manufacturing imports from third world countries has created a debate about whether, in a global economy, wages or employment are determined by the global rather than domestic labor-market conditions. One side argues that trade is all that matters; another side, that trade does not matter at all. The author rejects these polar views; empirical analysis has found modest but real trade effects in displacement of less-skilled labor and declines in the price of goods produced by low-skilled workers.

scholarly journals Trade and Frictional Unemployment in the Global Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2869-2921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Carrère ◽  
Anja Grujovic ◽  
Frédéric Robert-Nicoud
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Frictions ◽  
Unemployment Benefits ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Labor Market Frictions ◽  
Trade Opening ◽  
Employment Data

Abstract We develop a multicountry, multisector trade model featuring risk-averse workers, labor market frictions, unemployment benefits, and equilibrium unemployment. Trade opening leads to a reduction in unemployment when it simultaneously raises welfare and reallocates labor toward sectors with lower-than-average labor market frictions. We then estimate and calibrate the model using employment data from 31 OECD countries and worldwide trade data. Finally, we quantify the potential unemployment, real wage, and welfare effects of repealing NAFTA and raising bilateral tariffs between the United States and Mexico to 20%. This policy would increase unemployment by 2.4% in the United States and 48% in Mexico.

scholarly journals Wage Premiums as a Means to Evaluate the Labor Market for Pharmacy Technicians in the United States: 1997–2018

Pharmacy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Zgarrick ◽  
Tatiana Bujnoch ◽  
Shane P. Desselle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Care Team ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Pharmacy Technician ◽  
Wage Premiums ◽  
Pharmacy Technicians

Pharmacy technicians are integral members of the health care team, assisting pharmacists and other health professionals in assuring safe and effective medication use. To date, evaluation of the labor market for pharmacy technicians has been limited, and relatively little has been evaluated regarding trends in wages. The objective of this research is to use US Bureau of Labor Statistics (US BLS) data to evaluate changes in pharmacy technician wages in the United States from 1997 to 2018 relative to changes in the US consumer price index (CPI). Median hourly wages for pharmacy technicians were collected from US BLS data from 1997 to 2018. Median hourly wages were compared to expected hourly wages, with the difference, a wage premium, indicative of imbalances in the supply and demand of labor. Both positive and negative wage premiums were observed, with most positive wage premiums occurring prior to 2007 and most negative wage premiums observed after 2008. Differences in wage premiums were also observed between technicians working in various practice settings. Given the median length of employment of pharmacy technicians, it is likely that the majority of technicians working in US pharmacies have not experienced increases in their wages relative to what would be expected by changes in the CPI. This has occurred at a time when pharmacies and pharmacists are asking more of their pharmacy technicians. Researchers and pharmacy managers must continue to evaluate the pharmacy technician labor market to assure that technician wage and compensation levels attract an adequate supply of sufficiently skilled workers.

scholarly journals Choice or Mimetism in the Decision to Migrate? A European Illustration

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1850257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Warin ◽  
Andrew Blakely
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Herd Behavior ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Labor Market Conditions ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
European Migration

This paper examines how herd behavior (mimetism) and network effects determine bilateral migration flows to thirteen EU-15 countries. Using an adapted gravity model controlling for economic activity, welfare progressivity, as well as geospatial and historic relationships, the results force us to question our explanations for migration flows. Herd behavior positively influences European migration flows, whereas network complementarities in the receiving country do not consistently predict, and may in some cases reduce, the likelihood of immigrant inflows. Moreover, economic activity, particularly labor market conditions, plays a lesser role in the migrants’ choice of destination than was previously thought. The introduction of herd behavior as a determinant of European Migration in our empirical analysis hopefully will change the paradigm for understanding migration.

scholarly journals Inmigración calificada y desarrollo en México. Tendencias y modalidades contemporáneas

Norteamérica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Telésforo Ramírez-García ◽  
Fernando Lozano Ascencio
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mexican Population ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Skilled Labor ◽  
Socioeconomic Integration ◽  
Personal Services ◽  
Skilled Immigration

The aim of this paper is to analyze the main changes in the volume, tendencies, and modalities of qualified migration in Mexico during the last years. This information is key to evaluate the contribution of this population sector to the development of the country. The data sources used here are the Mexican Population and Housing Censuses of 2000 and 2010 as well as the Intercensal Survey of 2015. The results obtained show a gradual increase of skilled immigration in Mexico, mainly of professionals from different fields of knowledge, but also academics, scientists, and researchers, who are mostly natives of the United States, Spain, Colombia, Argentina, and Venezuela. In terms of socioeconomic integration in the country, the data reveal that the vast majority of this skilled labor is incorporated into the Mexican labor market as employees in the education sector (public or private) and the maquiladora and automotive industries as well as personal services.

Labor Market and Industrial Change: The Competitive Advantage and Challenge of Harnessing Diversity

2000 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Ettlinger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Change ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
New Entrants ◽  
National Analysis

Comparative cross-national analysis reveals that, irrespective of socio-cultural context, competitive production in the global economy has been predicated on homogeneity. As has been the case in the United States, labor market expansion and diversification is now occurring where alternatives to Anglo-American Taylorism have been considered competitive as well as socially progressive despite exclusionary employment systems. Specifically, in Japan, Germany, and Sweden, new entrants (notably women and immigrants) are increasing substantially in the work force; we may expect to find new entrants in workplaces in Japan and east Germany, and possibly in Sweden, in light of socially constructed labor shortages related to declines in traditional (native, middle-aged male) labor. Diverse workplaces challenge production systems based on homogeneity because the friction of difference counters foundational principles and negatively impacts productivity. Competitiveness in these contexts may require new rounds of corporate strategies that tap diversity while accommodating the needs of different workers. As in the United States, the public and private sectors of these countries to date have responded to increasing diversity by reinforcing existing systems via a deepening of labor market segmentation. Changing production to effectively manage diversity remains unsystematized and requires mechanisms to institutionalize change and sustain diversity; these formidable tasks must be understood as having economic, social, and political dimensions.

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