skilled labor
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Coatings ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Fawaz Alharbi ◽  
Fahad Alshubrumi ◽  
Meshal Almoshaogeh ◽  
Husnain Haider ◽  
Ahmed Elragi ◽  
...  

The construction of conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements results in a number of economic and environmental issues, such as the cost of new overlays and associated impacts on natural resources. Although the cold recycling with an emulsified asphalt-recycling agent holds certain benefits over the HMA, its implementation on different road types, ranging from farm-to-market roads to expressways, is yet contentious due to the need for sophisticated equipment and trained workforce. The present research developed a methodology to evaluate all the three dimensions of sustainability, including economic (construction cost), environmental (natural resource depletion), and social (need for advanced equipment and skilled labor) of various scenarios of RAP and conventional asphalt pavements. The present study evaluated an equivalent thickness of the Cold In-place Recycling (CIR) pavement, which behaves similar to HMA pavement under the influence of different traffic loads. Fifty CIR and HMA scenarios for different traffic volumes and pavement layers thicknesses were developed. Finally, the sustainability of all the scenarios was evaluated for traffic designation in Saudi Arabia using fuzzy-based multicriteria analysis. Ranking of scenarios found CIR as a more sustainable overlay option for the feeders, collectors, main urban streets, expressways, and heavily trafficked highways in industrial areas where ESALs (Equivalent Single Axle Loads) range between 2,000,000 and >31,000,000. Considering the limited availability of advanced equipment and skilled labor for CIR pavements, HMA was found be a more sustainable option for farm-to-market roads with the “very light” traffic class. The methodology will help the pavement managers in decision making regarding the selection of sustainable pavement technologies for different road types in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the world.


2022 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-266
Author(s):  
Federico Rossi

I study how the relative efficiency of high- and low-skill labor varies across countries. Using microdata for countries at different stages of development, I document that differences in relative quantities and wages are consistent with high-skill workers being relatively more productive in rich countries. I exploit variation in the skill premia of foreign-educated migrants to discriminate between two possible drivers of this pattern: cross-country differences in the skill bias of technology and in the relative human capital of skilled labor. I find that the former is quantitatively more important, and discuss the implications of this result for development accounting. (JEL I26, J24, J31, J61, L16, O15)


2022 ◽  
pp. 308-324
Author(s):  
Marcus Leaning ◽  
Udo Richard Averweg

The global shortage in skilled labor for cybersecurity and the risk it presents to international business can only be solved by a significant increase in the number of skilled personnel. However, as the nature of risks proliferate and bifurcate the training of such, personnel must incorporate a broader understanding of contemporary and future risks. That is, while technical training is highly important, it is contended that future cybersecurity experts need to be aware of social, political, economic, and criminological issues. Towards this end, this chapter considers a number of exemplary issues that are considered worthy of inclusion in the development of future cybersecurity workers. Accordingly, an overview is given of the issues of the “dark side of the net” that cause problems for global cybersecurity and international business risk. The issues are discussed so that from these a skill set can be articulated which will attend to (and mitigate against) potential threats.


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (56) ◽  
pp. 37-56
Author(s):  
Alexis S. Esposto ◽  
Luis Federico Giménez

Over the last three decades the labor market of most developed countries have experienced a sustained period of upskilling. This means an overall increase in the skill requirement of jobs determined by the demand for skilled labor. This suggests that their labor demand has become more skill intensive, shifting towards skilled workers relatively to unskilled workers. An analysis of job growth of the Argentine labor market between 1997 and 2009 using data from the EPH, evidences a process of deskilling over this period, with serious implications in terms of competitiveness and about issues related to increasing social and economic inequality.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Cieślik ◽  
Giang Hien Tran

PurposeThe main aim of this paper is to verify whether the modern mainstream economic theory of multinational enterprise that explains foreign direct investment (FDI) from developed countries is also able to account for investment decisions of multinational enterprises (MNEs) from emerging economies.Design/methodology/approachUsing Knowledge-And-Physical-Capital (KAPC) model as an analytical framework and Poisson-pseudo maximum likelihood estimation technique, the authors identify determinants of FDI flows from emerging economies. The data set consists of 38 home and 134 host countries during the period 2000–2012. Empirical evidence supports high explanatory power of KAPC model. Further, compared with the earlier Knowledge-Capital (KC) model, results confirm the importance of physical capital.FindingsThe estimation results confirm the hypothesis that mainstream economic theory can explain FDI flows from the emerging economies by highlighting the roles of total market size, skilled-labor abundance, investment and trade costs and geographical distance between two countries.Research limitations/implicationsThis study casts doubt on the alternative way that the KAPC model suggests to distinguish between horizontal and vertical FDI. The argument that horizontal MNE headquarters would be relatively more abundant than vertical MNE headquarters in countries that are abundant in physical capital relative to skilled labor seems reasonable but the idea of variable specification in the estimated equation should be revised.Practical implicationsFirms should be allowed to move their resources freely into and out of specific activities, both internally and internationally across border. To reach that goal, governments of potential host countries can adopt several measures, most importantly remove restrictions on payments, transfers and capital transactions and open previously closed industries to welcome foreign investment. In addition, to improve investment climate in general, governments need to pay attention to enhancing security of property rights, regulating internal taxation (i.e. corporate income tax), guaranteeing adequacy of infrastructure, efficient functioning of finance and labor markets and fighting against corruption.Social implicationsThe location choice of emerging investors set priority on similarity in economic size, geographical and cultural proximity. It is because shared borders or common official languages would reduce information costs and enhance information flows. Also, investors consider horizontal FDI (with motivation to expand market demand) as one of main modes of entry into a foreign market and a substitute for export. Likewise, distance is often understood as an important investment friction.Originality/valueThe outstanding contribution is that the research has uncovered the positive and statistically significant effect of physical capital on FDI activity, which has not been discussed in the earlier KC model. However, at the same time, the study casts doubt on the KAPC model's argument that relative abundance in physical capital to skilled labor between two countries determines FDI types and suggests that this argument and its empirical model specification should be carefully reviewed.


Author(s):  
Samuel Muehlemann ◽  
Stefan Wolter

The economic reasons why firms engage in apprenticeship training are twofold. First, apprenticeship training is a potentially cost-effective strategy for filling a firm’s future vacancies, particularly if skilled labor on the external labor market is scarce. Second, apprentices can be cost-effective substitutes for other types of labor in the current production process. As current and expected business and labor market conditions determine a firm’s expected work volume and thus its future demand for skilled labor, they are potentially important drivers of a firm’s training decisions. Empirical studies have found that the business cycle affects apprenticeship markets. However, while the economic magnitude of these effects is moderate on average, there is substantial heterogeneity across countries, even among those that at first sight seem very similar in terms of their apprenticeship systems. Moreover, identification of business cycle effects is a difficult task. First, statistics on apprenticeship markets are often less developed than labor market statistics, making empirical analyses of demand and supply impossible in many cases. In particular, data about unfilled apprenticeship vacancies and unsuccessful applicants are paramount for assessing potential market failures and analyzing the extent to which business cycle fluctuations may amplify imbalances in apprenticeship markets. Second, the intensity of business cycle effects on apprenticeship markets is not completely exogenous, as governments typically undertake a variety of measures, which differ across countries and may change over time, to reduce the adverse effects of economic downturns on apprenticeship markets. During the economic crisis related to the COVID-19 global pandemic, many countries took unprecedented actions to support their economies in general and reacted swiftly to introduce measures such as the provision of financial subsidies for training firms or the establishment of apprenticeship task forces. As statistics on apprenticeship markets improve over time, such heterogeneity in policy measures should be exploited to improve our understanding of the business cycle and its relationship with apprenticeships.


2021 ◽  
pp. 64-90
Author(s):  
Pamela Allen Brown
Keyword(s):  

In the 1580s John Lyly and other writers for children’s companies created novel plays featuring a keen-witted, hot-blooded, virtuosic innamorata, relying on the beauty and skills of the cross-dressed boy player. Plays aimed at a worldly elite audience exoticize and eroticize the “boy actress,” painting him as extravagantly Italianate in ways that shadow the foreign diva, evidence of her transnational impact on plays and playing. Lyly’s Gallathea, Sapho and Phao, and The Woman in the Moone; Peele’s Arraignment of Paris; and Marlowe’s Dido, Queen of Carthage show how the English contained the threat of the actress by appropriating and adapting her trademark playing and star scenes, such as solo song and madness. As a result, the skilled labor of both divas and boys left its mark on these innovative works.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (96) ◽  
pp. 56-80
Author(s):  
Olena Vorhach ◽  

The article substantiates the opportunities for stimulating the human capital development through personal income taxation in Ukraine. The need for constant investments in the human capital for improvement of its quality has been substantiated by conceptual provisions of the human capital theory and empiric researches of its influence on economic growth. The completed analysis of theoretical concepts and practical use of income taxes worldwide allows substantiating the fact that concept of a flat income taxation can be successfully used to promote the human capital development. However, the analysis of income tax systems abroad shows that separate taxation tools for personal income, including tax allowances for education, are more efficient. This is especially typical for developing countries. In estimating investments in the human capital in Ukraine, it is found out that the share of working population with high skills increases against the decreasing actual expenses for higher education. In a meantime, foreign countries demonstrate the other economically correct dependence: the qualification level increases as real expenses to gain it increase. The analysis of real national expenses in Ukraine for one student and in the country in general also demonstrate their decrease. This proves the presence of problems in Ukraine that relate to financing the system of higher education. The methods of economic and mathematical simulation by building and parametrizing a number of functions allowed to substantiate the influence of investments in human education on the increase of the highly skilled labor, which in turn leads to the GDP growth. A scientific and methodical approach has been developed, based on the algorithm that takes into account the influence of the highly skilled labor factor (considering expenses for gaining the qualification) on the GDP level. This approach allows estimating the effectiveness of expenses on tax allowances and expediency of their use to promote investments in higher education in Ukraine. The economic consequences of the human capital development incentive by introducing tax allowances in Ukraine have been estimated. It is established that if the state increases expenses for higher education by granting allowances, the share of working population with high skills increases, thereby causing the GDP to grow by means of increasing employment level. However, it has been found out that the expenses for tax allowances are reimbursed only in the case where investments in fixed assets increase and amount no less than 25 % of the GDP.


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