Smart City Transformation Strategies

Strategies of smart city transformation is the main topic of this chapter. It covers aspects of strategizing and adoption of policies that may facilitate the transformation process and affect the smart city development on both levels: holistic and piecewise implementation. The chapter goes further into strategic planning of developing smart cities, which is identified by three stages: development policy, transformation initiatives, and project planning stage. The chapter introduces the four fundamental tracks of smart cities and analyses reasons for the existence of smart cities. In addition, it covers the different strategies for changes: technological change, social change, industrial change, and policy change with possibilities of using the smart model. Finally, it covers smart city design principles, sustainability, efficiency, resiliency, and others.

Local productive systems within the perspective of the circular economy

The objective of this research is to present a proposal of the production function of the circular economy to contribute to the conceptual development of local productive systems. A systematic review of the literature and a critical discourse analysis were used, allowing to adjust the production functions within the LPS. The results describe how LPSs can be within into a circular productive dynamic allowing a change in the focus of the production function, which in the dominanteconomic discourse ignores possible resources and only assumes linear management models, within these systems. In conclusion, by adjusting the production function for SPLs in a dynamic circular economy, it allows the incorporation of waste as a type of secondary capital in production processes. Keywords: local productive systems, linear economy, circular economy. References [1]M. Scalone, "Introducción al enfoque de sistemas en agricultura y su aplicación para el desarrollo de sistemas de producción sostenibles". 2007. [2]M. Astudillo, "Fundamentos de Economia 1", Primera edición. México: UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas. 2012. [3]R. Tansini, "Economía para no economistas" Uruguay: Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, 2000, 198. [4]M. A. Sánchez, "La clasificación de los factores de producción fue retomada de: Parkin, Michael. Economía. Octava edición. México: Pearson Educación, 2009, 3.[5]P. Triunfo, M. Torello, N. Berretta, L. Vicente, U. Della-Mea, M. Bergara, … and M. González, "Economía para no economistas". Montevideo: Departamento deSociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, 2003. [6]C. Massad, "Economía para todos". Chile: Banco Central de Chile, 2010, 59. [7]R. Pindyck, D. Rubinfeld, "Microeconomía" Prentice Hall. 1995. [8]C.L Garcia, "Economía circular y su papel en el diseño e innovación sustentable", Libros Editorial UNIMAR, 2017. [9]V. Prieto-Sandoval, C. Jaca and M. Ormazabal. "Economía circular: Relación con la evolución del concepto de sostenibilidad y estrategias para su implementación", Memoria de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Universidad de Montevideo: Facultad de Ingeniería, 2017. [10]P. Samuelson, W. Nordhaus, "Microeconomia", 19a edición. México: Mc Graw Hill, 2017. [11]T. Winpenny, "El valor del medio ambiente. Métodos de valoración económica", Varsovia, 1995. [12]E. Neumayer, "Preserving Natural Capital in a World of Uncertainty and Scarce Financial Resources", International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 5 (1), 1998, 27-42. [13]D. Kiełczewski, "Sustainable development - the essence, interpretations, relationship with the knowledge society", Economics of sustainable development. Study materials: Szkoła Ekonomiczna, Białystok, 2010, 10-29. [14]F. Aguilera, V. Alcántara, "De la economía ambiental a la economía ecológica". Barcelona: ICARIA: FUHEM, 1994. [15]Ellen MacArthur Foundation, "Towards The Circular Economy, Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition", Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013. [16]D. Pieńkowski, Kapitał naturalny w teoretycznych analizach czynników produkcji. Ekonomia i Środowisko, No. 1(21), 2002. [17]D. Pieńkowski, "Czasopismo Polskiego Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych", Fundacja Ekonomistów Środowiska i ZasobówNaturalnych Białystok. No. 2 (57), 2016. [18]D. Audretsch, "Knowledge Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production" American Economic Review 86, 1996, 630–640. [19]F. Morales, "Desarrollo: los retos de los municipios mexicanos", Centro de Estudios Municipales Heriberto Jara, 2000. [Online]. Available: www.cedemun.org.mx. [20]Ramírez, N., Mungaray, A., Ramírez, M., and Texis, M. "Economías de escala y rendimientos crecientes: Una aplicación en microempresas mexicanas. Economía mexicana". Nueva época, 19(2), 2010, 213-230. [Online]. Available: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S166520452010000200001&lng=es&tlng=es. 2010. [21]P. Krugman, "Urban Concentration: The Role of Increasing Returns, and Transport Costs", International Regional Science Review, 19, 1996, 5-30. [22]G. Perry, W.F. Maloney, O.S. Arias, P. Fajnzylber, A.D. Mason and J. Saavedra-Chanduvi. Informalidad: Escape y exclusión. Washington, Banco Mundial, 2007. [23]G. Garófoli, "The Italian Model of Spatial Development in the 1970s and 1980s", Industrial Change & Regional Development. Belhaven Press, London, 1991. [24]G. Garofoli, "Las experiencias de desarrollo económico local en Europa: las enseñanzas para América Latina". San José, Costa Rica: URB-AL III, 2009.

On the Job, Off the Books: Organizing Against Worker Misclassification in the Neoliberal Era

Worker misclassification is a form of precarious employment in which employers illegally designate their employees as ‘independent contractors’ to cut labor costs. Non-standard employment arrangements and the emergence of the misclassification problem are expressions of neoliberal economic reform and attendant shifts in managerial strategy. Although scholars and government statisticians have documented the prevalence of worker misclassification, extant research on labor-organizing campaigns in response to this practice is lacking. This paper presents case studies of two successful organizing campaigns against worker misclassification: (1) a United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America (UBCJA) effort in the Northeastern construction industry and (2) a Teamsters campaign focused on the West Coast port trucking industry. Both campaigns employ similar frames highlighting competition, free markets, and the necessity of industrial change to achieve these ideals. We conclude with a discussion of the prospects and limitations of these organizing strategies given the countervailing political and economic headwinds posed by neoliberal restructuring.

Mutual relationships of environment and migration: A sociological appraisal

Socio-industrial change in the past two centuries has widely affected the environment in various ways. In this process natural life has reversed ___ water resources, forests, agriculture, original foods, rural life, husbandry, access to fresh air and many more have changed face. Instead, chemicals, pollutants, transportation pollution, family networks, artificial food and many more have replaced the original/ natural characteristics of life and the original human values. Environmental change and degradation have widely caused migration in various forms. Currently, we can observe lots of climate refugees moving from one part to another. Such a situation leads to problems in the area of origin and in the destination area. When migration from a village takes place, agricultural production per head migrant is ceased/ suspended, and when the migrant is settled in a city, or another country, there would happen a pressure on resources there. Therefore, migration overall has its positive and negative effects. However, the phenomenon of migration brings many challenges and shortcomings for the host countries. Illegal immigrants who generally live unregistered on the outskirts of the city, they themselves cause environmental pollution, many social perversions, abnormalities (antisocial) behaviors, and the like.

Mutual Relationships of Environment and Migration: A Sociological Appraisal

Socio-industrial change in the past two centuries has widely affected the environment in various ways. In this process natural life has reversed ___ water resources, forests, agriculture, original foods, rural life, husbandry, access to fresh air and many more have changed face. Instead, chemicals, pollutants, transportation pollution, family networks, artificial food and many more have replaced the original/ natural characteristics of life and the original human values. Environmental change and degradation have widely caused migration in various forms. Currently, we can observe lots of climate refugees moving from one part to another. Such a situation leads to problems in the area of origin and in the destination area. When migration from a village takes place, agricultural production per head migrant is ceased/ suspended, and when the migrant is settled in a city, or another country, there would happen a pressure on resources there. Therefore, migration overall has its positive and negative effects. However, the phenomenon of migration brings many challenges and shortcomings for the host countries. Illegal immigrants who generally live unregistered on the outskirts of the city, they themselves cause environmental pollution, many social perversions, abnormalities (antisocial) behaviors, and the like.

Manufacturing Revolutions: Industrial Policy and Industrialization in South Korea

I study the impact of industrial policy on industrial development by considering a canonical intervention. Following a political crisis, South Korea dramatically altered its development strategy with a sector-specific industrial policy: the Heavy Chemical and Industry (HCI) drive, 1973-1979. With newly assembled historical data, I use the sharp introduction and withdrawal of industrial policies to study the impacts of industrial policy—during and after the intervention period. I show (1) HCI promoted the expansion and dynamic comparative advantage of directly targeted industries. (2) Using variation in exposure to policies through the input-output network, I show HCI indirectly benefited downstream users of targeted intermediates. (3) I find direct and indirect benefits of HCI persisted even after the end of HCI, following the 1979 assassination of the president. These effects include the eventual development of directly targeted exporters and their downstream counterparts. Together, my findings suggest that the temporary drive shifted Korea manufacturing into more advanced markets and created durable industrial change. These findings clarify lessons drawn from South Korea and the East Asian growth miracle.

Making sense of the industrial past: deindustrialisation and industrial heritage in Italy

This article analyses the relationship between deindustrialisation and industrial heritage by considering recent studies on the topic. Although Deindustrialisation Studies and (Industrial) Heritage Studies focus on distinct phases of industrial change — schematically a "before" and an "after" of the history of industry — these fields increasingly converge on the role of the memory of the industrial past in the present. The essay examines these convergences in the Italian context, looking at the history of industrial archaeology and the difficulty of recognising a specifically "Italian deindustrialisation". It argues that history, especially environmental and labour history, can play an important role in this dialogue. In the last part, the article focuses on the industrial area of Porto Marghera (near Venice) and analyses the major cultural events that were organised for its centenary. It argues that this is an example both of "deindustrialisation without industrial heritage" and of "industrial heritage without the memory of deindustrialisation". This makes it difficult to develop a shared elaboration of the area's industrial past and of its future.